Gender Race Bias And Perspective
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Gender Race Bias And Perspective
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Author : Reg Graycar
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Gender Race Bias And Perspective written by Reg Graycar and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
This discussion considers assumptions about judges and judging and suggests that despite what is sometimes perceived as increasing diversity on the bench and in the legal profession, outsider decision makers' membership of the jurisprudential community is still marked by 'otherness'. The argument draws upon my ongoing interest in the law's concern with the concepts of 'objectivity', 'neutrality' and 'perspective'. I argue that the legal system is inherently suspicious of 'otherness' and most specifically so when 'others' occupy positions of 'judgement'. The consequence is to render decisions made by 'otherised' judges liable to attack for bias in a way that decisions made by insiders simply are not. The argument is illustrated by a review of a number of challenges made on the ground of 'bias' or recusal motions to judges whose failure to match the white Anglo hetero-normative standard of 'the judge' is seen as a limit on their ability to be 'impartial'. The examples used range across many jurisdictions, from Australia, Canada, the US and a challenge to the impartiality of a decision of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY).
Gender Sex And Sexualities
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Author : Nancy Dess
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2018-01-15
Gender Sex And Sexualities written by Nancy Dess and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-01-15 with Psychology categories.
For decades, the field of gender, sex, and sexualities has been a focal point of increasing interest. This inquiry has been ignited by successive waves of dramatic social change, chief among them: the re-emergence of feminist movements in the U.S. and Europe in the late 1960s; the sustained (and increasingly successful) bids for legal, social, and religious acceptance of non-heterosexual sexualities in many parts of the world; and the burgeoning number of people (whether cisgendered, gender-variant, trans, or questioning) whose individual and collective experiences of gender and sexuality warrant deeper understanding and further progress toward a fuller realization of human potential and civil rights. In psychology, the intellectual project of understanding gender, sex, and sexualities encompasses a variety of subfields spanning neuroscience and developmental, cognitive, social, and cultural psychology, as well as critical theory. As such, these approaches have inspired new and different psychological questions, as well as increased interest in previously unfamiliar topics of investigation. Edited by Nancy K. Dess, Jeanne Marecek, and Leslie C. Bell, Gender, Sex, and Sexualities offers both students and scholars the tools they need to consider and approach such questions as: how do children come to embrace (or repudiate) gendered activities and identities; how do people experience intimacy, desire, and sexual arousal; and what strategies can psychologists use to de-center their own points of view and effectively contribute to a decolonial psychology? As a result, this volume will open new avenues of inquiry as well as cross-disciplinary conversations for readers everywhere.
How Children And Adolescents Evaluate Gender And Racial Exclusion
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Author : Melanie Killen
language : en
Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
Release Date : 2003-10-10
How Children And Adolescents Evaluate Gender And Racial Exclusion written by Melanie Killen and has been published by Wiley-Blackwell this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-10-10 with Social Science categories.
Exclusion from social groups is a source of conflict, stress, and tension in social life around the globe. How do children and adolescents evaluate exclusion based on group membership? This monograph is the report of an investigation of social exclusion in the contexts of friendship, peer groups, and school. Guided by social-cognitive domain theory, social psychological, and developmental theories on intergroup relationships, children and adolescents from four different ethnic groups were interviewed. The findings revealed that gender exclusion was more readily condoned than racial exclusion, and that exclusion in the friendship and peer group contexts were judged to be more legitimate than exclusion in the school context. There were also significant differences depending on the gender, age, and ethnicity of the participants. The results support the proposal that exclusion is multifaceted, involving a range of social and moral considerations.
Investing In The Health And Well Being Of Young Adults
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2015-01-27
Investing In The Health And Well Being Of Young Adults written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-01-27 with Medical categories.
Young adulthood - ages approximately 18 to 26 - is a critical period of development with long-lasting implications for a person's economic security, health and well-being. Young adults are key contributors to the nation's workforce and military services and, since many are parents, to the healthy development of the next generation. Although 'millennials' have received attention in the popular media in recent years, young adults are too rarely treated as a distinct population in policy, programs, and research. Instead, they are often grouped with adolescents or, more often, with all adults. Currently, the nation is experiencing economic restructuring, widening inequality, a rapidly rising ratio of older adults, and an increasingly diverse population. The possible transformative effects of these features make focus on young adults especially important. A systematic approach to understanding and responding to the unique circumstances and needs of today's young adults can help to pave the way to a more productive and equitable tomorrow for young adults in particular and our society at large. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults describes what is meant by the term young adulthood, who young adults are, what they are doing, and what they need. This study recommends actions that nonprofit programs and federal, state, and local agencies can take to help young adults make a successful transition from adolescence to adulthood. According to this report, young adults should be considered as a separate group from adolescents and older adults. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults makes the case that increased efforts to improve high school and college graduate rates and education and workforce development systems that are more closely tied to high-demand economic sectors will help this age group achieve greater opportunity and success. The report also discusses the health status of young adults and makes recommendations to develop evidence-based practices for young adults for medical and behavioral health, including preventions. What happens during the young adult years has profound implications for the rest of the life course, and the stability and progress of society at large depends on how any cohort of young adults fares as a whole. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults will provide a roadmap to improving outcomes for this age group as they transition from adolescence to adulthood.
Feminist Legal Theory
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Author : Katherine Bartlett
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2018-02-19
Feminist Legal Theory written by Katherine Bartlett and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-02-19 with Social Science categories.
This book offers powerful analyses of the relationship between law and gender and new understandings of the limits of, and opportunities for, legal reform drawn from the experiences of women and from critical perspectives developed within other disciplines.
Analysis Of Children S Literary Criticism
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Author : Irina Chukhray
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Analysis Of Children S Literary Criticism written by Irina Chukhray and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
My thesis examines how scholars evaluate gender bias, representations of race/ethnicity, and sexuality in children's picture books. I review scholarship analyzing picture books by focusing on studies published in the United States between 1970 and 2009. I explore the variables that scholars examine in picture books (e.g. appearance, personality characteristics, language, occupations, cultural representations). Basing my thesis on feminist theoretical framework by Kimberle Crenshaw and Deborah King, I investigate whether scholars evaluate picture books from a monist perspective (focusing only on one theme such as gender) or from an intersectional perspective (focusing on multiple themes such as gender, race/ethnicity, and sexuality). I also discuss the differences in how scholars evaluate picture books now compared to earlier studies in the 1970s. My research demonstrates that most scholars examine children's books from monist perspectives; they focus on one theme and some briefly mention other themes. My thesis is unique in that I evaluate the method of study that scholars utilize; I examine how and what in picture books scholars study. Most scholars follow the formula of summarizing previous research studies and then analyzing picture books. But unlike my thesis, not a single scholar has analyzed how other scholars examine picture books In conducting this meta-analysis, I discovered that scholars examining gender bias focused largely on quantity (frequency of female versus male characters) and quality (what roles female and male characters play). Scholars examining racial bias focused almost entirely on quantity (frequency of characters of color in books). Additionally, most scholars analyzing race/ethnicity focused on representations of African-American characters only. Very few studies examined multiethnic representations in general and very few studies examined representations of characters of color other than African-American. Scholars examining sexuality focused mostly on quality (whether or not gay/lesbian characters were portrayed positively) and none have focused on bisexual or transgender characters. In the final analytical section of my thesis, I evaluate six picture books from an intersectional perspective. Some of the books I chose to evaluate were examined by other scholars; I compare what they examined and what they omitted.
Fact Checking Impacts Social Perception But Is Prey To Gender And Racial Discrimination
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Author : Jorge Mejia
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Fact Checking Impacts Social Perception But Is Prey To Gender And Racial Discrimination written by Jorge Mejia and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
We examine the problem of the proliferation of misinformation through platforms that offer a solution - fact-checking platforms. While these platforms have become popular, there is scant evidence on their effectiveness to shape public perception. In particular, we are interested in understanding how race and gender impact perceptions of the warmth, morality and competence of a spokesperson (i.e. the public figures making a claim) and how these perceptions are altered by reducing information asymmetry, i.e. by offering fact-checking information. In a lab experiment where we replicate the PolitiFact interface and manipulate gender (male vs. female), race (Caucasian vs. under-represented minority), truth evaluation (false vs. true) and supporting information (scorecard vs. full analysis), we find compelling results that 1) support that race and gender bias effects persist when evaluating the morality and competence of a spokesperson making a claim; but 2) show that reducing information asymmetry can help mitigate some of these biases. By focusing on a single and highly popular response to the problem of fake news, fact-checking, and by further examining the role of the spokesperson in contrast to the content or statements made, we provide novel, interesting, and important perspective on understanding how to intervene in the proliferation and propagation of misinformation online.
Oxford Handbook Of Ethics Of Ai
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Author : Markus D. Dubber
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2020-06-30
Oxford Handbook Of Ethics Of Ai written by Markus D. Dubber and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-06-30 with Law categories.
This volume tackles a quickly-evolving field of inquiry, mapping the existing discourse as part of a general attempt to place current developments in historical context; at the same time, breaking new ground in taking on novel subjects and pursuing fresh approaches. The term "A.I." is used to refer to a broad range of phenomena, from machine learning and data mining to artificial general intelligence. The recent advent of more sophisticated AI systems, which function with partial or full autonomy and are capable of tasks which require learning and 'intelligence', presents difficult ethical questions, and has drawn concerns from many quarters about individual and societal welfare, democratic decision-making, moral agency, and the prevention of harm. This work ranges from explorations of normative constraints on specific applications of machine learning algorithms today-in everyday medical practice, for instance-to reflections on the (potential) status of AI as a form of consciousness with attendant rights and duties and, more generally still, on the conceptual terms and frameworks necessarily to understand tasks requiring intelligence, whether "human" or "A.I."
Implicit Racial Bias Across The Law
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Author : Justin D. Levinson
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2012-04-23
Implicit Racial Bias Across The Law written by Justin D. Levinson and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-04-23 with Law categories.
This book explores how scientific evidence on the human mind might help to explain why racial equality is so elusive. Through the lens of powerful and pervasive implicit racial attitudes and stereotypes, it examines both the continued subordination of historically disadvantaged groups and the legal system's complicity in the subordination.
Race After Technology
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Author : Ruha Benjamin
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2019-07-09
Race After Technology written by Ruha Benjamin and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-07-09 with Social Science categories.
From everyday apps to complex algorithms, Ruha Benjamin cuts through tech-industry hype to understand how emerging technologies can reinforce White supremacy and deepen social inequity. Benjamin argues that automation, far from being a sinister story of racist programmers scheming on the dark web, has the potential to hide, speed up, and deepen discrimination while appearing neutral and even benevolent when compared to the racism of a previous era. Presenting the concept of the “New Jim Code,” she shows how a range of discriminatory designs encode inequity by explicitly amplifying racial hierarchies; by ignoring but thereby replicating social divisions; or by aiming to fix racial bias but ultimately doing quite the opposite. Moreover, she makes a compelling case for race itself as a kind of technology, designed to stratify and sanctify social injustice in the architecture of everyday life. This illuminating guide provides conceptual tools for decoding tech promises with sociologically informed skepticism. In doing so, it challenges us to question not only the technologies we are sold but also the ones we ourselves manufacture. Visit the book's free Discussion Guide here.
