Genetic Variation And Fitness In Soay Sheep
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Genetic Variation And Fitness In Soay Sheep
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Author : David Bancroft
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
Genetic Variation And Fitness In Soay Sheep written by David Bancroft and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with categories.
Genetic Variation In Natural Populations
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Author : Dario Beraldi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Genetic Variation In Natural Populations written by Dario Beraldi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
Genetic Variation In Natural Populations
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Author : Dario Beraldi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Genetic Variation In Natural Populations written by Dario Beraldi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
Detection And Selection Of Parasite Resistance Genes In A Free Living Mammal Population
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Author : Emily A. Brown
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Detection And Selection Of Parasite Resistance Genes In A Free Living Mammal Population written by Emily A. Brown and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
According to Fisher's fundamental theorem, natural selection should deplete additive genetic variation in fitness-related traits by removing unfavourable alleles and driving favourable ones to fixation. Understanding how genetic variation is maintained in ecologically important traits in the face of natural selection is thus one of the most fundamental questions in evolutionary biology. In order to understand the evolution of a trait under selection, it is essential to be able to identify its genetic basis. Variation in burdens of gastrointestinal nematodes, parasites that have strong impacts upon fitness, is heritable in the population of Soay sheep inhabiting Hirta, St Kilda, NW Scotland (h2 estimates range from 0.1 - 0.26), yet little is known about what specific genes are involved in the immune response. The aim of this PhD is to identify candidate genes for resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes, and to examine firstly whether they explain variation in parasite burden and immune measures in Soay sheep, and secondly whether they are also associated with fitness. A list of candidate genes for resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes was generated by using various different studies available in the literature, such as microarray, QTL, genome-wide association and single locus association studies. 115 candidate genes were then sequenced in a NimbleGen Sequence Capture experiment, where DNA was pooled from two groups of Soay sheep - 20 resistant and 20 susceptible to parasites, based on estimated breeding values for parasite burden, measured as faecal egg counts (FEC). Differences in allele frequency between the two pools were examined, and these data were used to select single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that would be typed in many more individual Soay sheep. Data for ~49,000 SNPs, made available by the International Sheep Genomics Consortium HapMap study, were also used to examine genetic differentiation between different sheep breeds, with the aim to identify areas of the genome associated with inter-breed variation in resistance to gut parasites. This involved estimation of the relative resistance of a number of different sheep breeds using FEC data available in the literature, and the quantitative measures of resistance generated were used to divide sheep breeds into two populations, either resistant or susceptible. An FST analysis was then conducted to detect outlier loci that might be associated with variation in resistance. Both the sequencing experiment in Soays and the inter-breed outlier analysis identified a number of SNPs that are potential candidates for resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in Soays, although no more significant SNPs were discovered than expected by chance. A number of the candidate SNPs were subsequently genotyped in ~1000 Soay sheep, along with a sample of control SNPs, to provide a test of the candidate gene approach and its applicability to this trait and population. Associations between genotypes at these SNPs and (i) parasite burden (FEC); (ii) anti-nuclear antibodies; (iii) antibodies specific to the predominant gastrointestinal nematode infecting Soay sheep (Teladorsagia circumcincta); and (iv) fitness measures were examined. No more significant associations were discovered than expected by chance, and candidate SNPs were no more likely to be significant than control SNPs. Overall, little evidence is thus found to support the use of the candidate gene approach in studies of resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in Soay sheep. Associations between heterozygosity at the candidate and control SNPs and FEC were also examined. Evidence was found to suggest that relatively more inbred sheep are more likely to have higher parasite burden, and this effect seems to be driven by general effects of inbreeding depression, as opposed to local effects. The SNPs identified as being significantly associated with parasite burden/immunity/fitness may nevertheless deserve further investigation, and the data presented here provide a useful resource for future investigators.
Quantitative Genetics In The Wild
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Author : Anne Charmantier
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2014
Quantitative Genetics In The Wild written by Anne Charmantier and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Medical categories.
This book gathers the expertise of 30 evolutionary biologists from around the globe to highlight how applying the field of quantitative genetics - the analysis of the genetic basis of complex traits - aids in the study of wild populations.
Genetics Of Reproduction In Sheep
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Author : R. B. Land
language : en
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
Release Date : 1985
Genetics Of Reproduction In Sheep written by R. B. Land and has been published by Butterworth-Heinemann this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Genetic variation and selection; Selection for litter size; Crossbreeding for fecundity; Evaluation and utilization of finn sheep; The performance of romanov crosses and their merits as a basis for selection; Genetic studies of reproduction in norwegian sheep; Crossbreeding for fecundity in subrtropical sheep; The fecundity of the chios sheep; Prolific breeds of goat; Reprodutive physiology in south american camelids; Genetic and maternal effects on sheep reproduction and their influence on selection; Improvement of reproductive performances in rasa aragonesa. Present results in selection and crossbreedin experiments; The preliminary results of selection for prolificacy in polish merino sheep; The inheritance and effects of the booroola gene; The single gene inheritance of the high litter size of the booroola merino; The productivity of bungaree, booroola X bungaree and trangie fertility X bungaree merino ewes in south Australia; Introduction and management of the booroola gene in sheep flocks in New Zealand; Genetic strategies for single genes; Utilization of major genes; Single genes for fecundity in icelandic sheep; Principles and practice for the use of the booroola merino in extensive husbandry; Linear programming model for incorporating the booroola gene into another breed; Physiololgy of genetic variation; Breed differences in ovulation rate and uterine efficiency and their contribution to fecundity; Contribution of variation in ovulation rate and embryo survival to within breed variation in litter size; The mechanism of action of genes controlling reproduction; Reproductive endocrinology of prolific sheep: studies of the booroola merino; Ovulation rate and oestrus in booroola genotypes; some effects of age, season and nutrition; Sexual and ovarian function of the D'man ewe; Folliculogenesis in sheep: control of ovulation rate; Physiological criteria for embryo mortality: is asynchrony between embryo and ewe a significant factor?; Physiological criteria in genetic selection for aseasonality; Parameters of male fertility and their genetic variation in sheep; FSH plasma levels in male and female lambs issued from lacaune rams with high or low prolificacy index; Physiological criteria of genetic merit; Detection and genetic assessment of physiological criteria of meritr within breeds; Testis size and LH response to LH-RH as male criteria of female reproductive performance; Heritabilities of testis size and sexual behaviour in males and their genetic correlations with measures of female reproduction; Nutritional requirements and systems of husbandry; Protein, energy and ovulation rate; Nutritional requirements of the pregnant and lactating ewe; The possibilities for improving the performance of ewes suckling three or more lambs in grazing systems; The utilization of romanov sheep in a system of integrated husbandry; Productivity of booroola cross merinos in western Australia; Intensive husbandry of fecund sheep; Index.
Soay Sheep
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Author : T. H. Clutton-Brock
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2004-03-04
Soay Sheep written by T. H. Clutton-Brock and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-03-04 with Nature categories.
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Avian Genomics In Ecology And Evolution
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Author : Robert H. S. Kraus
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-06-29
Avian Genomics In Ecology And Evolution written by Robert H. S. Kraus and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-06-29 with Science categories.
Birds catch the public imagination like no other group of animals; in addition, birders are perhaps the largest non-professional naturalist community. Genomics and associated bioinformatics have revolutionised daily life in just a few decades. At the same time, this development has facilitated the application of genomics technology to ecological and evolutionary studies, including biodiversity and conservation at all levels. This book reveals how the exciting toolbox of genomics offers new opportunities in all areas of avian biology. It presents contributions from prominent experts at the intersection of avian biology and genomics, and offers an ideal introduction to the world of genomics for students, biologists and bird enthusiasts alike. The book begins with a historical perspective on how genomic technology was adopted by bird ecology and evolution research groups. This led, as the book explains, to a revised understanding of avian evolution, with exciting consequences for biodiversity research as a whole. Lastly, these impacts are illustrated using seminal examples and the latest discoveries from avian biology laboratories around the world.
Quantitative Genetics In The Wild
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Author : Anne Charmantier
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Quantitative Genetics In The Wild written by Anne Charmantier and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Medical categories.
Although the field of quantitative genetics - the study of the genetic basis of variation in quantitative characteristics such as body size, or reproductive success - is almost 100 years old, its application to the study of evolutionary processes in wild populations has expanded greatly over the last few decades. During this time, the use of 'wild quantitative genetics' has provided insights into a range of important questions in evolutionary ecology, ranging from studies conducting research in well-established fields such as life-history theory, behavioural ecology and sexual selection, to others addressing relatively new issues such as populations' responses to climate change or the process of senescence in natural environments. Across these fields, there is increasing appreciation of the need to quantify the genetic - rather than just the phenotypic - basis and diversity of key traits, the genetic basis of the associations between traits, and the interaction between these genetic effects and the environment. This research activity has been fuelled by methodological advances in both molecular genetics and statistics, as well as by exciting results emerging from laboratory studies of evolutionary quantitative genetics, and the increasing availability of suitable long-term datasets collected in natural populations, especially in animals. Quantitative Genetics in the Wild is the first book to synthesize the current level of knowledge in this exciting and rapidly-expanding area. This comprehensive volume also offers exciting perspectives for future studies in emerging areas, including the application of quantitative genetics to plants or arthropods, unraveling the molecular basis of variation in quantitative traits, or estimating non-additive genetic variance. Since this book deals with many fundamental questions in evolutionary ecology, it should be of interest to graduate, post-graduate students, and academics from a wide array of fields such as animal behaviour, ecology, evolution, and genetics.
Advances In The Conservation Of Large Terrestrial Mammals
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Author : R. Terry Bowyer
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2024-05-27
Advances In The Conservation Of Large Terrestrial Mammals written by R. Terry Bowyer and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-05-27 with Science categories.
Large mammals are threatened worldwide. Life histories characterized by long life spans, delayed age at first reproduction, iteroparity, small litter sizes, high maternal investment in offspring, and long generation times expose many iconic large mammals to elevated risks of extinction. Among these risks are habitat loss, habitat degradation, escalating threats of climate change, illegal killing, disease, or inbreeding. Comprehending the threats faced by large mammals, and exploring how to counter those challenges effectively, are important steps toward conserving wild populations now and in the near future.