Geophysical Insights Into The Crater Subsurface At The Chicxulub And Ries Impact Craters
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Geophysical Insights Into The Crater Subsurface At The Chicxulub And Ries Impact Craters
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Author : Naoma McCall
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Geophysical Insights Into The Crater Subsurface At The Chicxulub And Ries Impact Craters written by Naoma McCall and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
Large impact events have shaped the evolution of life on Earth both during early Earth history and the K-Pg extinction event. They transport huge volumes of rock distances of kilometers in timescales ranging from seconds to minutes. Impacts are found on every rocky and icy planetary body and are the dominant form of crustal resurfacing on planets without plate tectonics. As impact cratering is an important geologic process, but one that is rarely observed in real time, our understanding relies on modeling and existing craters. On Earth, impact craters are often eroded, tectonically deformed, or buried in sediment. This dissertation uses drill core and seismic data at two craters largely obscured but preserved by sedimentation: the Chicxulub impact crater, Mexico and the Nördlingen Ries impact crater, Germany. My research ground-truthed impact cratering models and strengthened theories of faulting and acoustic fluidization at Chicxulub. At Ries, the data acquired, processed, and interpreted during this PhD shows that Ries is a transitional crater that exhibits neither a central peak nor peak ring and that the suevite deposition at the crater was emplaced via ground-hugging flows. I measured the permeability of peak ring rocks from the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 364 core, an important parameter for determining the duration of the post impact hydrothermal system at Chicxulub, I found that the permeabilities were likely responsible for an isolated and heterogeneous post-impact hydrothermal system at Chicxulub
Large Meteorite Impacts Iii
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Author : Thomas Kenkmann
language : en
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Release Date : 2005-01-01
Large Meteorite Impacts Iii written by Thomas Kenkmann and has been published by Geological Society of America this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-01-01 with Science categories.
"The third volume of the series “Large Meteorite Impacts” provides an updated and comprehensive overview of modern impact crater research. In 26 chapters, more than 90 authors from Europe, the United States, Russia, Canada, and South Africa give a balanced, firsthand account of the multidisciplinary field of cratering science, with reports on field studies, geophysical analyses, and experimental and numerical simulations. Nine chapters focus on structure, geophysics, and cratering motions of terrestrial craters. Recent advances in impact ejecta studies and shock metamorphism are assembled, each with seven chapters, and three chapters extend the scope from a terrestrial to a planetary perspective."--pub. desc.
Expedition 364 Summary
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Author : Sean P. S. Gulick
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Expedition 364 Summary written by Sean P. S. Gulick and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Abstract: The Chicxulub impact crater, on the Yucatán Peninsula of México, is unique. It is the only known terrestrial impact structure that has been directly linked to a mass extinction event and the only terrestrial impact with a global ejecta layer. Of the three largest impact structures on Earth, Chicxulub is the best preserved. Chicxulub is also the only known terrestrial impact structure with an intact, unequivocal topographic peak ring. Chicxulub's role in the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction and its exceptional state of preservation make it an important natural laboratory for the study of both large impact crater formation on Earth and other planets and the effects of large impacts on the Earth's environment and ecology. Our understanding of the impact process is far from complete, and despite more than 30 years of intense debate, we are still striving to answer the question as to why this impact was so catastrophic. During International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) and International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) Expedition 364, Paleogene sedimentary rocks and lithologies that make up the Chicxulub peak ring were cored to investigate (1) the nature and formational mechanism of peak rings, (2) how rocks are weakened during large impacts, (3) the nature and extent of post-impact hydrothermal circulation, (4) the deep biosphere and habitability of the peak ring, and (5) the recovery of life in a sterile zone. Other key targets included sampling the transition through a rare midlatitude Paleogene sedimentary succession that might include Eocene and Paleocene hyperthermals and/or the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM); the composition and character of suevite, impact melt rock, and basement rocks in the peak ring; the sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Paleocene-Eocene Chicxulub impact basin infill; the geo- and thermochronology of the rocks forming the peak ring; and any observations from the core that may help constrain the volume of dust and climatically active gases released into the stratosphere by this impact. Petrophysical properties measurements on the core and wireline logs acquired during Expedition 364 will be used to calibrate geophysical models, including seismic reflection and potential field data, and the integration of all the data will calibrate models for impact crater formation and environmental effects. The drilling directly contributes to IODP Science Plan goals: Climate and Ocean Change: How does Earth's climate system respond to elevated levels of atmospheric CO2? How resilient is the ocean to chemical perturbations? The Chicxulub impact represents an external forcing event that caused a 75% species level mass extinction. The impact basin may also record key hyperthermals within the Paleogene. Biosphere Frontiers: What are the origin, composition, and global significance of subseafloor communities? What are the limits of life in the subseafloor? How sensitive are ecosystems and biodiversity to environmental change? Impact craters can create habitats for subsurface life, and Chicxulub may provide information on potential habitats for life, including extremophiles, on the early Earth and other planetary bodies. Paleontological and geochemical studies at ground zero will document how large impacts affect ecosystems and biodiversity. Earth Connections/Earth in Motion: What mechanisms control the occurrence of destructive earthquakes, landslides, and tsunami? Drilling into the uplifted rocks that form the peak ring will be used to groundtruth numerical simulations and model impact-generated tsunami, and deposits on top of the peak ring and around the Gulf of México will inform us about earthquakes, landslides, and tsunami generated by Chicxulub. These data will collectively help us understand how impact processes are recorded in the geologic record and their potential hazards. IODP Expedition 364 was a Mission Specific Platform expedition designed to obtain subseabed samples and downhole logging measurements from the post-impact sedimentary succession and the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater. A single borehole (Hole M0077A) was drilled into the Chicxulub impact crater on the Yucatán continental shelf, recovering core from 505.70 to 1334.69 meters below seafloor (mbsf) with ~99% core recovery. Downhole logs were acquired for the entire depth of the borehole
Impact Cratering
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Author : G. R. Osinski
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2012-12-26
Impact Cratering written by G. R. Osinski and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-26 with Science categories.
Impact cratering is arguably the most ubiquitous geological process in the Solar System. It has played an important role in Earth’s history, shaping the geological landscape, affecting the evolution of life, and generating economic resources. However, it was only in the latter half of the 20th century that the importance of impact cratering as a geological process was recognized and only during the past couple of decades that the study of meteorite impact structures has moved into the mainstream. This book seeks to fill a critical gap in the literature by providing an overview text covering broad aspects of the impact cratering process and aimed at graduate students, professionals and researchers alike. It introduces readers to the threat and nature of impactors, the impact cratering process, the products, and the effects – both destructive and beneficial. A series of chapters on the various techniques used to study impact craters provide a foundation for anyone studying impact craters for the first time.
Large Meteorite Impacts And Planetary Evolution Iv
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Author : W. U. Reimold
language : en
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Release Date : 2010-01-01
Large Meteorite Impacts And Planetary Evolution Iv written by W. U. Reimold and has been published by Geological Society of America this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-01-01 with Science categories.
Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution held at the Vredefort Dome, South Africa, in Aug. 2008.
The Sedimentary Record Of Meteorite Impacts
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Author : Kevin R. Evans
language : en
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Release Date : 2008-01-01
The Sedimentary Record Of Meteorite Impacts written by Kevin R. Evans and has been published by Geological Society of America this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-01-01 with Science categories.
Although about 70 percent of known terrestrial meteorite impacts involve sedimentary rocks, the response of such rock to hyper- velocity impact is not well understand. Evans (Missouri State U., Springfield) introduces a dozen papers from a session on impact geology at the 2004 Geological Society of America Annual Meeting. Arranged by rocks' stratigraphic order (oldest to youngest) in proximal and distal settings, papers study topics including: characterization of impact sediments; a model for impact cratering processes; development of breccias (rock composed of sharp fragments embedded in a fine- grained matrix) in the Chesapeake Bay impact structure; and the method of impact stratigraphy applied to aging of the K-T boundary associated with mass extinction. The well-illustrated volume is not indexed.
Preservation Of Random Megascale Events On Mars And Earth
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Author : Mary G. Chapman
language : en
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Release Date : 2009
Preservation Of Random Megascale Events On Mars And Earth written by Mary G. Chapman and has been published by Geological Society of America this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Science categories.
A Steeply Inclined Trajectory For The Chicxulub Impact
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Author : Gareth S. Collins
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
A Steeply Inclined Trajectory For The Chicxulub Impact written by Gareth S. Collins and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
Abstract: The environmental severity of large impacts on Earth is influenced by their impact trajectory. Impact direction and angle to the target plane affect the volume and depth of origin of vaporized target, as well as the trajectories of ejected material. The asteroid impact that formed the 66 Ma Chicxulub crater had a profound and catastrophic effect on Earth's environment, but the impact trajectory is debated. Here we show that impact angle and direction can be diagnosed by asymmetries in the subsurface structure of the Chicxulub crater. Comparison of 3D numerical simulations of Chicxulub-scale impacts with geophysical observations suggests that the Chicxulub crater was formed by a steeply-inclined (45-60° to horizontal) impact from the northeast; several lines of evidence rule out a low angle (
Meteorites
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Author : Monica M. Grady
language : en
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Release Date : 1998
Meteorites written by Monica M. Grady and has been published by Geological Society of London this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Science categories.
The impact of extraterrestrial material on Earth can lead to effects traceable in both the geological and biological record. This study describes meteorite flux with time, covering small and large bodies capable of producing craters. The effects of impacts on the environment is also covered focusing specifically on the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction event.
Remote Sensing Of Impact Crater Exposed Subsurface Lithologies And Martian Rayed Crater Systems
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Author : Livio Leonardo Tornabene
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Remote Sensing Of Impact Crater Exposed Subsurface Lithologies And Martian Rayed Crater Systems written by Livio Leonardo Tornabene and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
Impact cratering is ubiquitous, energetic and fundamental geologic process acting on the solid planetary bodies. As a consequence, craters provide planetary scientists with useful information regarding the surface and subsurface properties of planetary bodies. Specific mineral and lithologic compositions can be ascertained via craters in two ways: 1) by the remote sensing of crater-exposed subsurface materials, or 2) by studying the differentiated meteorites (e.g., lunar, Martian, etc.) ejected from their surfaces by highenergy impacts under specific conditions. As a proof of concept for subsurface-crater mapping, remote sensing techniques were applied to a terrestrial impact structure. Visible-near infrared (VNIR), short-wavelength infrared (SWIR), and thermal infrared (TIR) data were used to map the subsurface geology of a portion of Devon Island (High Canadian Arctic) via the impact-exposed subsurface lithologies of the 23-kilometer diameter Haughton impact structure. The results from the "blind" remote sensing of Haughton suggest that the spectral and lithologic mapping techniques used in this study can also be used to understand subsurface geology of Mars. TIR images from Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) onboard Mars Odyssey were used in a similar fashion to spectrally map craters within the Isidis basin on Mars. Complementary hyperspectral information from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) allowed mineral and litho-type compositional determinations, albeit at a much lower spatial resolution. An olivine-rich basaltic unit mapped at the surface and was linked with a subsurface occurrence via exposure from impact craters occurring within the basin. These two studies (Chapters 2 and 3) demonstrate that, in conjunction with surface mapping, impact craters provide a natural "window" for understanding the stratigraphy and petrogenesis of planetary crusts. In another project presented here (Chapter 4), rayed crater systems on Mars, which are preferentially found on the younger lava plains, has led to the hypothesis that rayed craters may have been the launch sites for the Martian meteorites recovered on Earth. This hypothesis is supported by morphologic and thermophysical evidence, as well as the most current modeling of Martian meteorite ejection.