Germanistische Streifz Ge
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Paper Machines
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Author : Markus Krajewski
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2011-08-19
Paper Machines written by Markus Krajewski and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-08-19 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
Why the card catalog—a “paper machine” with rearrangeable elements—can be regarded as a precursor of the computer. Today on almost every desk in every office sits a computer. Eighty years ago, desktops were equipped with a nonelectronic data processing machine: a card file. In Paper Machines, Markus Krajewski traces the evolution of this proto-computer of rearrangeable parts (file cards) that became ubiquitous in offices between the world wars. The story begins with Konrad Gessner, a sixteenth-century Swiss polymath who described a new method of processing data: to cut up a sheet of handwritten notes into slips of paper, with one fact or topic per slip, and arrange as desired. In the late eighteenth century, the card catalog became the librarian's answer to the threat of information overload. Then, at the turn of the twentieth century, business adopted the technology of the card catalog as a bookkeeping tool. Krajewski explores this conceptual development and casts the card file as a “universal paper machine” that accomplishes the basic operations of Turing's universal discrete machine: storing, processing, and transferring data. In telling his story, Krajewski takes the reader on a number of illuminating detours, telling us, for example, that the card catalog and the numbered street address emerged at the same time in the same city (Vienna), and that Harvard University's home-grown cataloging system grew out of a librarian's laziness; and that Melvil Dewey (originator of the Dewey Decimal System) helped bring about the technology transfer of card files to business.
Deutsche Altertumskunde
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Author : Karl Mullenhoff
language : en
Publisher: Wentworth Press
Release Date : 2019-02-25
Deutsche Altertumskunde written by Karl Mullenhoff and has been published by Wentworth Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-02-25 with categories.
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Human Information Retrieval
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Author : Julian Warner
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2009-09-25
Human Information Retrieval written by Julian Warner and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-09-25 with Computers categories.
An overview of information retrieval rooted in the humanities and social sciences but informed by an understanding of information technology and information theory. Information retrieval in the age of Internet search engines has become part of ordinary discourse and everyday practice: “Google” is a verb in common usage. Thus far, more attention has been given to practical understanding of information retrieval than to a full theoretical account. In Human Information Retrieval, Julian Warner offers a comprehensive overview of information retrieval, synthesizing theories from different disciplines (information and computer science, librarianship and indexing, and information society discourse) and incorporating such disparate systems as WorldCat and Google into a single, robust theoretical framework. There is a need for such a theoretical treatment, he argues, one that reveals the structure and underlying patterns of this complex field while remaining congruent with everyday practice. Warner presents a labor theoretic approach to information retrieval, building on his previously formulated distinction between semantic and syntactic mental labor, arguing that the description and search labor of information retrieval can be understood as both semantic and syntactic in character. Warner's information science approach is rooted in the humanities and the social sciences but informed by an understanding of information technology and information theory. The chapters offer a progressive exposition of the topic, with illustrative examples to explain the concepts presented. Neither narrowly practical nor largely speculative, Human Information Retrieval meets the contemporary need for a broader treatment of information and information systems.
Thinking In Boxes Digital Original Edition
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Author : Markus Krajewski
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2015-04-01
Thinking In Boxes Digital Original Edition written by Markus Krajewski and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-04-01 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This BIT chronicles the history of the predigital “scholar's machine”: a box of paper slips that acted both as memory aid and text generator. In it, Markus Krajewski describes the scholar's box as a form of data protection, tracing its genealogy beginning with peculiar excerption techniques of early nineteenth century scholars.
Good Faith Collaboration
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Author : Joseph M. Reagle, Jr.
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2012-09-21
Good Faith Collaboration written by Joseph M. Reagle, Jr. and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-09-21 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
How Wikipedia collaboration addresses the challenges of openness, consensus, and leadership in a historical pursuit for a universal encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia, is built by a community—a community of Wikipedians who are expected to “assume good faith” when interacting with one another. In Good Faith Collaboration, Joseph Reagle examines this unique collaborative culture. Wikipedia, says Reagle, is not the first effort to create a freely shared, universal encyclopedia; its early twentieth-century ancestors include Paul Otlet's Universal Repository and H. G. Wells's proposal for a World Brain. Both these projects, like Wikipedia, were fuelled by new technology—which at the time included index cards and microfilm. What distinguishes Wikipedia from these and other more recent ventures is Wikipedia's good-faith collaborative culture, as seen not only in the writing and editing of articles but also in their discussion pages and edit histories. Keeping an open perspective on both knowledge claims and other contributors, Reagle argues, creates an extraordinary collaborative potential. Wikipedia's style of collaborative production has been imitated, analyzed, and satirized. Despite the social unease over its implications for individual autonomy, institutional authority, and the character (and quality) of cultural products, Wikipedia's good-faith collaborative culture has brought us closer than ever to a realization of the century-old pursuit of a universal encyclopedia.
On Machines
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Author : Athenaeus (Mechanicus.)
language : en
Publisher: Franz Steiner Verlag
Release Date : 2004
On Machines written by Athenaeus (Mechanicus.) and has been published by Franz Steiner Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with categories.
The Trojan Epic
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Author : Quintus of Smyrna
language : en
Publisher: JHU Press
Release Date : 2007-03-01
The Trojan Epic written by Quintus of Smyrna and has been published by JHU Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-03-01 with Literary Criticism categories.
Composed in the third century A.D., the Trojan Epic is the earliest surviving literary evidence for many of the traditions of the Trojan War passed down from ancient Greece. Also known as the Posthomerica, or "sequel to Homer," the Trojan Epic chronicles the course of the war after the burial of Troy's greatest hero, Hektor. Quintus, believed to have been an educated Greek living in Roman Asia Minor, included some of the war's most legendary events: the death of Achilles, the Trojan Horse, and the destruction of Troy. But because Quintus deliberately imitated Homer's language and style, his work has been dismissed by many scholars as pastiche. A vivid and entertaining story in its own right, the Trojan Epic is also particularly significant for what it reveals about its sources—the much older, now lost Greek epics about the Trojan War known collectively as the Epic Cycle. Written in the Homeric era, these poems recounted events not included in the Iliad or the Odyssey. As Alan James makes clear in this vibrant and faithful new translation, Quintus's work deserves attention for its literary-historical importance and its narrative power. James's line-by-line verse translation in English reveals the original as an exciting and eloquent tale of gods and heroes, bravery and cunning, hubris and brutality. James includes a substantial introduction which places the work in its literary and historical context, a detailed and annotated book-by-book summary of the epic, a commentary dealing mainly with sources, and an explanatory index of proper names. Brilliantly revitalized by James, the Trojan Epic will appeal to a wide range of readers interested in Greek mythology and the legend of Troy.
The Manipulative Mode
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Author : Ilja Leonard Pfeijffer
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2017-07-31
The Manipulative Mode written by Ilja Leonard Pfeijffer and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-31 with History categories.
This book deals with political propoganda in classical antiquity, exploring the contexts, strategies, and parameters of a fascinating phenomenon that has often been approached with anachronistic models or completely ignored. It offers case studies on the archaic period, classical Athens, the Hellenistic kingdoms, the Augustan age and the late Roman empire.
Reading Cicero
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Author : C.E.W. Steel
language : en
Publisher: Bristol Classical Press
Release Date : 2005-03-10
Reading Cicero written by C.E.W. Steel and has been published by Bristol Classical Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-03-10 with Literary Collections categories.
Cicero was a prolific writer and a major political figure. The author argues that our understanding both of Cicero's oeuvre and of the practice and theory of public life is transformed if his writings are read as a unified whole in the context of Roman politics.
Inventing Superstition
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Author : Dale B. Martin
language : en
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Release Date : 2009-07-01
Inventing Superstition written by Dale B. Martin and has been published by Harvard University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-07-01 with Religion categories.
The Roman author Pliny the Younger characterizes Christianity as “contagious superstition”; two centuries later the Christian writer Eusebius vigorously denounces Greek and Roman religions as vain and impotent “superstitions.” The term of abuse is the same, yet the two writers suggest entirely different things by “superstition.” Dale Martin provides the first detailed genealogy of the idea of superstition, its history over eight centuries, from classical Greece to the Christianized Roman Empire of the fourth century C.E. With illuminating reference to the writings of philosophers, historians, and medical teachers he demonstrates that the concept of superstition was invented by Greek intellectuals to condemn popular religious practices and beliefs, especially the belief that gods or other superhuman beings would harm people or cause disease. Tracing the social, political, and cultural influences that informed classical thinking about piety and superstition, nature and the divine, Inventing Superstition exposes the manipulation of the label of superstition in arguments between Greek and Roman intellectuals on the one hand and Christians on the other, and the purposeful alteration of the idea by Neoplatonic philosophers and Christian apologists in late antiquity. Inventing Superstition weaves a powerfully coherent argument that will transform our understanding of religion in Greek and Roman culture and the wider ancient Mediterranean world.