Graphic Health Warnings On Australian Cigarette Packets
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Graphic Health Warnings On Australian Cigarette Packets
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Author : Caroline Miller
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Graphic Health Warnings On Australian Cigarette Packets written by Caroline Miller and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Behavior modification categories.
Tobacco-related illness remains the single greatest preventable burden of morbidity and mortality in Australia. Reducing tobacco use is a major public health imperative. This thesis investigates the impact of a public policy intervention designed to inform smokers of the harms associated with smoking and to reduce tobacco use; namely graphic consumer warnings labels on cigarette packets, introduced in Australia in March 2006. The specific aim of this thesis is to examine the impact of these warnings. Social psychology provided a theoretical framework, with models predicting that behaviour can be influenced by new information. This thesis poses questions focussed on the relationship between such information, smokers' beliefs and attitudes, their behavioural intentions and their actual behaviour. The first question examined is practical: What occurred during the introduction and implementation of graphic consumer warnings labels on Australian cigarette packets? This was asked with a view to (i) offering lessons for interested policy-makers in other countries; and (ii) documenting the intervention under study. The second question is: Did the warnings attract the attention of smokers and communicate information about smoking to change smokers' beliefs? Thirdly: Were there attitude changes or other changes predictive of quitting? and fourthly Did behaviour change occur? Firstly, studies monitored press coverage about the new warnings and the pace of the rollout into shops. Results (presented in Chapter 2) document tobacco industry lobbying and its apparent influence in delaying the introduction of the warnings in Australia. The nature of the Australian legislation created further opportunities for delay. The second question is addressed in Chapters 2 and 3. Chapter 2 reports on a smoker intercept study; conducted once new warnings were prevalent. Chapter 3 presents smokers' awareness of new warnings and their beliefs about a range of smoking-related health effects, from a series of cross-sectional population surveys spanning 4 years. Chapters 4 and 5 look in detail at the third and fourth research questions i.e. the impact of on smokers' attitudes, intentions to quit and quitting behaviour. Chapter 4 presents the short-term marker of success - calls to the Quitline. Chapter 5 applies Fishbein & Ajzen's[1] Reasoned Action Approach with a cohort of smokers; using the model to investigate the influence of graphic warnings on smokers' quitting behaviour and its precursors. Taken as a whole, this thesis provides a case study of the roll-out of Australian graphic cigarette packet warning labels and evidence of their impact on smokers. Australia was the 8th country to introduce such warnings. A further 31 countries have since adopted them with many more planning to. Very little is published about the process of implementation and this information from the Australian roll-out offers insight for other policy-makers. This thesis also contributes very strong evidence that Australia's graphic warnings labels were successful in attracting smokers' attention and in communicating information that influenced their beliefs about the consequences of smoking. There is also good evidence of translation into interest in quitting and some evidence of quitting behaviour, the ultimate aim of the public policy intervention.
Methods For Evaluating Tobacco Control Policies
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Author : IARC Working Group on Methods for Evaluating Tobacco Control Policies
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2008
Methods For Evaluating Tobacco Control Policies written by IARC Working Group on Methods for Evaluating Tobacco Control Policies and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Evaluation research (Social action programs) categories.
The "Handbook" covers how the effects of a tobacco control policy are determined, the core constructs for understanding how and why a given policy works, the potential moderator variables to consider when evaluating a given policy and the data sources that might be useful for evaluation. The "Handbook" includes logic models outlining relevant constructs for evaluating the effectiveness of policies on tobacco taxation, smoke-free environments, tobacco product regulations, limits on tobacco marketing communications, product labeling, anti-tobacco public communication campaigns and tobacco use cessation interventions.
Changes In Cigarette Related Disease Risks And Their Implication For Prevention And Control
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
Changes In Cigarette Related Disease Risks And Their Implication For Prevention And Control written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Cohort analysis categories.
This volume presents results from three large, more contemporary prospective mortality studies and provides longer followup for two of the older studies dating from the 1950's. When observations from the more contemporary studies are compared with those from the 1950's, one important but disturbing conclusion is apparent - mortality risks among continuing smokers, both males and females, have increased. In fact, relative risks for smokers compared to never-smokers have increased for all major smoking-related diseases - coronary heart disease (CHD), lung cancer, other smoking-related cancers, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This increase over time in the relative risks for smokers compared to never-smokers has occured despite a dramatic decline in cardiovascular disease (CVD) death rates in the U.S. population, suggesting that the decline in CVD death rates has been proportionately greater among never-smokers than among continuing smokers. The clearest message that is drawn from the enormous quantity of data presented in this monograph is that smoking prevention and cessation efforts are complementary, not alternative, solutions to the current epidemic of diseases caused by smoking.
Reducing Tobacco Related Cancer Incidence And Mortality
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Author : Institute of Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2013-04-16
Reducing Tobacco Related Cancer Incidence And Mortality written by Institute of Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-16 with Medical categories.
Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in United States, causing more than 440,000 deaths annually and resulting in $193 billion in health-related economic losses each year-$96 billion in direct medical costs and $97 billion in lost productivity. Since the first U.S. Surgeon General's report on smoking in 1964, more than 29 Surgeon General's reports, drawing on data from thousands of studies, have documented the overwhelming and conclusive biologic, epidemiologic, behavioral, and pharmacologic evidence that tobacco use is deadly. This evidence base links tobacco use to the development of multiple types of cancer and other life-threatening conditions, including cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Smoking accounts for at least 30 percent of all cancer deaths, and 80 percent of lung cancer deaths. Despite the widespread agreement on the dangers of tobacco use and considerable success in reducing tobacco use prevalence from over 40 percent at the time of the 1964 Surgeon General's report to less than 20 percent today, recent progress in reducing tobacco use has slowed. An estimated 18.9 percent of U.S. adults smoke cigarettes, nearly one in four high school seniors smoke, and 13 percent of high school males use smokeless tobacco products. In recognition that progress in combating cancer will not be fully achieved without addressing the tobacco problem, the National Cancer Policy Forum of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) convened a public workshop, Reducing Tobacco-Related Cancer Incidence and Mortality, June 11-12, 2012 in Washington, DC. In opening remarks to the workshop participants, planning committee chair Roy Herbst, professor of medicine and of pharmacology and chief of medical oncology at Yale Cancer Center and Smilow Cancer Hospital, described the goals of the workshop, which were to examine the current obstacles to tobacco control and to discuss potential policy, outreach, and treatment strategies that could overcome these obstacles and reduce tobacco-related cancer incidence and mortality. Experts explored a number of topics, including: the changing demographics of tobacco users and the changing patterns of tobacco product use; the influence of tobacco use on cancer incidence and cancer treatment outcomes; tobacco dependence and cessation programs; federal and state level laws and regulations to curtail tobacco use; tobacco control education, messaging, and advocacy; financial and legal challenges to tobacco control efforts; and research and infrastructure needs to support tobacco control strategies, reduce tobacco related cancer incidence, and improve cancer patient outcomes. Reducing Tobacco-Related Cancer Incidence and Mortality summarizes the workshop.
Growing Up Tobacco Free
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Author : Institute of Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 1994-02-01
Growing Up Tobacco Free written by Institute of Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994-02-01 with Medical categories.
Tobacco use kills more people than any other addiction and we know that addiction starts in childhood and youth. We all agree that youths should not smoke, but how can this be accomplished? What prevention messages will they find compelling? What effect does tobacco advertisingâ€"more than $10 million worth every dayâ€"have on youths? Can we responsibly and effectively restrict their access to tobacco products? These questions and more are addressed in Growing Up Tobacco Free, prepared by the Institute of Medicine to help everyone understand the troubling issues surrounding youths and tobacco use. Growing Up Tobacco Free provides a readable explanation of nicotine's effects and the process of addiction, and documents the search for an effective approach to preventing the use of cigarettes, chewing and spitting tobacco, and snuff by children and youths. It covers the results of recent initiatives to limit young people's access to tobacco and discusses approaches to controls or bans on tobacco sales, price sensitivity among adolescents, and arguments for and against taxation as a prevention strategy for tobacco use. The controversial area of tobacco advertising is thoroughly examined. With clear guidelines for public action, everyone can benefit by reading and acting on the messages in this comprehensive and compelling book.
Removing The Emperor S Clothes
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Author : Simon Chapman
language : en
Publisher: Sydney University Press
Release Date : 2014-11-11
Removing The Emperor S Clothes written by Simon Chapman and has been published by Sydney University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-11-11 with Social Science categories.
In December 2012, Australia became the first nation in the world to require all tobacco products to be sold in standard ‘plain’ packs under the leadership of the then Health Minister Nicola Roxon. Tobacco companies have had global apoplexy about the law. Humiliated in the Australian High Court with a six-one defeat, their hopes now rest with deterring other nations from following suit by pursuing international trade law action. With a combined 50 years of research and advocacy experience in tobacco control, Simon Chapman and Becky Freeman set out the evidence for the importance of plain packaging in striking at the heart of what remains of tobacco advertising. They examine the history of the idea, the tobacco industry’s frantic efforts to derail it, and the early evidence for its impact. Most importantly, they give tools to policy makers in other countries wanting to make the best case for plain packaging and to defend it from the inevitable attacks that will follow.
Public Health Implications Of Raising The Minimum Age Of Legal Access To Tobacco Products
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Author : Institute of Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2015-07-23
Public Health Implications Of Raising The Minimum Age Of Legal Access To Tobacco Products written by Institute of Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-07-23 with Medical categories.
Tobacco use by adolescents and young adults poses serious concerns. Nearly all adults who have ever smoked daily first tried a cigarette before 26 years of age. Current cigarette use among adults is highest among persons aged 21 to 25 years. The parts of the brain most responsible for cognitive and psychosocial maturity continue to develop and change through young adulthood, and adolescent brains are uniquely vulnerable to the effects of nicotine. At the request of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products considers the likely public health impact of raising the minimum age for purchasing tobacco products. The report reviews the existing literature on tobacco use patterns, developmental biology and psychology, health effects of tobacco use, and the current landscape regarding youth access laws, including minimum age laws and their enforcement. Based on this literature, the report makes conclusions about the likely effect of raising the minimum age to 19, 21, and 25 years on tobacco use initiation. The report also quantifies the accompanying public health outcomes based on findings from two tobacco use simulation models. According to the report, raising the minimum age of legal access to tobacco products, particularly to ages 21 and 25, will lead to substantial reductions in tobacco use, improve the health of Americans across the lifespan, and save lives. Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products will be a valuable reference for federal policy makers and state and local health departments and legislators.
Tobacco
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Author : Peter Boyle
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2010-08-19
Tobacco written by Peter Boyle and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-08-19 with Medical categories.
Tobacco is ranked as one of the major public health disasters of modern times. This book pulls together the science of tobacco-related diseases with the policy of tobacco control to offer a comprehensive preventive medicine/public health approach.
Ending The Tobacco Problem
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Author : Institute of Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2007-10-27
Ending The Tobacco Problem written by Institute of Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-10-27 with Medical categories.
The nation has made tremendous progress in reducing tobacco use during the past 40 years. Despite extensive knowledge about successful interventions, however, approximately one-quarter of American adults still smoke. Tobacco-related illnesses and death place a huge burden on our society. Ending the Tobacco Problem generates a blueprint for the nation in the struggle to reduce tobacco use. The report reviews effective prevention and treatment interventions and considers a set of new tobacco control policies for adoption by federal and state governments. Carefully constructed with two distinct parts, the book first provides background information on the history and nature of tobacco use, developing the context for the policy blueprint proposed in the second half of the report. The report documents the extraordinary growth of tobacco use during the first half of the 20th century as well as its subsequent reversal in the mid-1960s (in the wake of findings from the Surgeon General). It also reviews the addictive properties of nicotine, delving into the factors that make it so difficult for people to quit and examines recent trends in tobacco use. In addition, an overview of the development of governmental and nongovernmental tobacco control efforts is provided. After reviewing the ethical grounding of tobacco control, the second half of the book sets forth to present a blueprint for ending the tobacco problem. The book offers broad-reaching recommendations targeting federal, state, local, nonprofit and for-profit entities. This book also identifies the benefits to society when fully implementing effective tobacco control interventions and policies.
Understanding The U S Illicit Tobacco Market
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2015-04-30
Understanding The U S Illicit Tobacco Market written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-04-30 with Law categories.
Tobacco use has declined because of measures such as high taxes on tobacco products and bans on advertising, but worldwide there are still more than one billion people who regularly use tobacco, including many who purchase products illicitly. By contrast to many other commodities, taxes comprise a substantial portion of the retail price of cigarettes in the United States and most other nations. Large tax differentials between jurisdictions increase incentives for participation in existing illicit tobacco markets. In the United States, the illicit tobacco market consists mostly of bootlegging from low-tax states to high-tax states and is less affected by large-scale smuggling or illegal production as in other countries. In the future, nonprice regulation of cigarettes - such as product design, formulation, and packaging - could in principle, contribute to the development of new types of illicit tobacco markets. Understanding the U.S. Illicit Tobacco Market reviews the nature of illicit tobacco markets, evidence for policy effects, and variations among different countries with a focus on implications for the United States. This report estimates the portion of the total U.S. tobacco market represented by illicit sales has grown in recent years and is now between 8.5 percent and 21 percent. This represents between 1.24 to 2.91 billion packs of cigarettes annually and between $2.95 billion and $6.92 billion in lost gross state and local tax revenues. Understanding the U.S. Illicit Tobacco Market describes the complex system associated with illicit tobacco use by exploring some of the key features of that market - the cigarette supply chain, illicit procurement schemes, the major actors in the illicit trade, and the characteristics of users of illicit tobacco. This report draws on domestic and international experiences with the illicit tobacco trade to identify a range of possible policy and enforcement interventions by the U.S. federal government and/or states and localities.