Habit Formation And The Theory Of Addiction
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Habit Formation And The Theory Of Addiction
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Author : George Messinis
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Habit Formation And The Theory Of Addiction written by George Messinis and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
In the light of repeated rejections of the Hall (1978) version of the life cycle-permanent income hypothesis and other empirical puzzles, the habit formation hypothesis has increased in popularity since the 1980s. However, existing formulations of habit persistence do not always perform well empirically. This paper pursues two objectives: (i) to outline the habit persistence hypothesis, and (ii) to review the theory of addiction with a focus on issues of relevance to the theory of consumption. In the literature on addiction, two research traditions are discernible: rational addiction and myopic addiction. The former approach emphasises forward-looking behaviour and defines memory loss as a univariate process. The latter relies on multiple objectives and highlights the role of contractual behaviour. The paper argues that future research in consumption with habits ought to pay more attention to non-separabilities, allow for multivariate processes when modelling memory loss and consider rational habit modification.
The Psychology Of Habit
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Author : Bas Verplanken
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-10-30
The Psychology Of Habit written by Bas Verplanken and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-10-30 with Psychology categories.
This unique reference explores the processes and nuances of human habits through social psychology and behavioral lenses. It provides a robust definition and theoretical framework for habit as well as up-to-date information on habit measurement, addressing such questions as which mechanisms are involved in habitual action and whether people can report accurately on their own habits. Specialized chapters pay close attention to how habits can be modified, as well as widely varying manifestations of habitual thoughts and behaviors, including the mechanisms of drug addiction and recovery, the repetitive characteristics of autism, and the unwitting habits of health professionals that may impede patient care. And across these pages, contributors show the potential for using the processes of maladaptive habits to replace them with positive and health-promoting ones. Throughout this volume attention is also paid to the practice of conducting habit research. Among the topics covered: Habit mechanisms and behavioral complexity. Complexities and controversies of physical activity habit. Habit discontinuities as vehicles for behavior change. Habits in depression: understanding and intervention. A critical review of habit theory of drug dependence. Questions about the automaticity of habitual behaviors. The Psychology of Habit will interest psychologists across a wide spectrum of domains: habit researchers in broader areas of social and health psychology, professionals working in (sub)clinical areas, interested scholars in marketing, consumer research, communication, and education, and public policymakers dealing with questions of behavioral change in the areas of health, sustainability, and/or education.
The Science Of Self Control
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Author : Howard Rachlin
language : en
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Release Date : 2009-07-01
The Science Of Self Control written by Howard Rachlin and has been published by Harvard University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-07-01 with Psychology categories.
This book proposes a new science of self-control based on the principles of behavioral psychology and economics. Claiming that insight and self-knowledge are insufficient for controlling one's behavior, Howard Rachlin argues that the only way to achieve such control--and ultimately happiness--is through the development of harmonious patterns of behavior. Most personal problems with self-control arise because people have difficulty delaying immediate gratification for a better future reward. The alcoholic prefers to drink now. If she is feeling good, a drink will make her feel better. If she is feeling bad, a drink will make her feel better. The problem is that drinking will eventually make her feel worse. This sequence--the consistent choice of a highly valued particular act (such as having a drink or a smoke) that leads to a low-valued pattern of acts--is called "the primrose path." To avoid it, the author presents a strategy of "soft commitment," consisting of the development of valuable patterns of behavior that bridge over individual temptations. He also proposes, from economics, the concept of the substitutability of "positive addictions," such as social activity or exercise, for "negative addictions," such as drug abuse or overeating. Self-control may be seen as the interaction with one's own future self. Howard Rachlin shows that indeed the value of the whole--of one's whole life--is far greater than the sum of the values of its individual parts.
Habit
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Author : Neale Martin
language : en
Publisher: Pearson Education
Release Date : 2009-11-25
Habit written by Neale Martin and has been published by Pearson Education this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-11-25 with Business & Economics categories.
Habit begins with a revolutionary premise–95% of human behavior is controlled by the unconscious mind. This fact exposes the central flaw in marketing theory, market research, and a preponderance of business strategy–that customers are consciously aware of what they’re doing. Habit explains why 80% of new products fail, why billions of advertising dollars are wasted every year, and why even satisfied customers aren’t loyal. In Habit, Dr. Neale Martin persuasively contends that recent research from the brain sciences reveals that our brain evolved two minds–and marketing is focused on the wrong one. By explaining how the mind actually works, Martin shows how 50 years of marketing theory is deeply flawed, and how your customers’ habits thwart even your costliest marketing campaigns. Habit explains in practical terms how to work with both your customers’ executive and habitual minds to not only make sales but more importantly, create loyalty. You’ll discover how behavior actually rewires your customers' mind–and how to leverage this by refocusing on behavior, not on attitudes and beliefs. Martin offers a complete process for working with customers’ unconscious and conscious minds together, to become your customer’s habit, not just their choice. Using these techniques, you can finally achieve the twin holy grails of marketing: higher customer retention, and greater long-term profitability. Why focusing on customer satisfaction is a waste of time Prioritizing customer satisfaction ignores a crucial reality: 85% of customers who defect report being satisfied! How to establish a beachhead in your potential customer’s unconscious Teach new buying habits through cause and effect, reward and repetition Why you should keep your regular customers from thinking about you Learn how to keep repurchase behavior on permanent autopilot
A Theory Of Natural Addiction
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Author : Trenton G. Smith
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
A Theory Of Natural Addiction written by Trenton G. Smith and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
Economic theories of rational addiction aim to describe consumer behavior in the presence of habit-forming goods. We provide a biological foundation for this body of work by formally specifying conditions under which it is optimal to form a habit. We demonstrate the empirical validity of our thesis with an in-depth review and synthesis of the biomedical literature concerning the action of opiates in the mammalian brain and their effects on behavior. Our results lend credence to many of the unconventional behavioral assumptions employed by theories of rational addiction, including adjacent complementarity and the importance of cues, attention, and self-control in determining the behavior of addicts. Our approach suggests, however, that addiction is harmful only when the addict fails to implement the optimal solution. We offer evidence for the special case of the opiates that harmful addiction is the manifestation of a mismatch between behavioral algorithms encoded in the human genome and the expanded menu of choices - generated for example, by advances in drug delivery technology - faced by consumers in the modern world.
Essays On Addiction Myopia And Inconsistency
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Author : SangHo Yoon
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Essays On Addiction Myopia And Inconsistency written by SangHo Yoon and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Compulsive behavior categories.
Chapter 1: The standard theory of intertemporal choice provides a simple but elegant way to analyze how an individual consumes over time. Addiction, however, is documented as one of numerous anomalies that the standard theory fails to explain. The models of habit-forming and compulsive consumptions have been suggested as the economic ways to analyze addiction. The first aim of this paper is to outline the economics of addiction as two approaches where each concerns different aspects of stationarity assumed in the standard theory; stationarity in the set of instantaneous preferences and in the system of intertemporal preferences. The former highlights the endogenous mechanics under which instantaneous preference evolves over time, while the latter emphasizes the relative difference in evaluating the trade-off among intertemporal preferences. While two approaches are typically viewed as distinctive, my review suggests otherwise. The second aim of this paper is to show that two seemingly contrasting approaches have a common interest of understanding the manner in which preferences are arranged over time and, in consequence, leads to addiction. In particular, I show that the model of habit-formation can be easily modified to describe compulsive consumption predicted by the intertemporal model with the hyperbolic discounting. I also suggest that the insights of the economics of addiction shed new light to the social welfare analysis with interpersonal inconsistence and dependence and the gateway effect of addiction development. Chapter 2: I consider a seemingly simple extension of the theory of rational addiction. In particular, this paper relaxes a critical assumption in rational addiction that the habit is "commodity-specific." A habit is called commodity-specific when (1) a habit is accumulated by a specific consumption and (2) the marginal rate of substitution of a consumption for a habit depends only on a particular pair of consumption and habit. By allowing the non-commodity-specificity, I study multiple addictions and find that contemporaneous relation among consumptions alters their addictiveness. The condition of rational addiction with the non-commodity-specificity shows that when a rational individual is addicted to multiple commodities, the concept of adjacent complementarity extends hierarchically to what I call "gross adjacent complementarity." I also find that the gateway effect exists when drugs are substitutes and an increase in the price of a gateway drug has the deterrent and migrant effects to other drugs, ascribable to the income and substitution effects. Chapter 3: Recent efforts by economists have shown some success in researching religion-related behaviors in individual, group, and cultural level. How religion may affect substance use is an area where such efforts have been relatively at minimal, while the literature in sociology, psychology, and medicine has recognized a general stylized fact of the negative relationship between religion and substance use. This paper reviews a large literature in sociology, psychology, and medicine that notes a clear negative relationship between religion and substance use. To explain the relationship between the two, this paper relies on the rational addiction explanation on three features of harmful addiction. First, as the consumption capital from substance use is dissipated by religious practice, current substance use is much less enforced from past use. Second, as the satisfaction gap between a given level of substance use in past and today becomes narrower, higher level of past substance use leads to much less loss in the utility from current substance use. And third, the reduction or interruption in current substance use does not result in the reduction in utility. As the increase in religious practice causes three effects, an individual chooses to reduce substance use.
Theory Of Addiction
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Author : Robert West
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2013-05-20
Theory Of Addiction written by Robert West and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-05-20 with Psychology categories.
An understanding of addiction theory is vital to understanding addiction itself. Theory of Addiction takes theory development from a simple ‘rational addiction model’, adding elements such as compulsion, self-control and habit, to explain the ‘big observations’ in the field. As well as explaining and evaluating the arguments of each of the prevailing schools of thought, the book develops a new, synthetic theory of addiction that brings together the diverse elements of current models. Designed to enable students, practitioners and researchers to establish a starting point in the labyrinthine world of addiction theory, Theory of Addiction supports abstract thinking with concrete and realistic scenarios, underlining the centrality of theoretical understanding to working with addiction. Presents a digest of major existing theories in one volume Develops a new synthetic theory of addiction Recognises the diversity of the experience of addiction Discusses factors at the level of both the individual and populations Provides key recommendations for the development of effective interventions
Theory Of Addiction
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Author : Robert West
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2013-11-04
Theory Of Addiction written by Robert West and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-04 with Psychology categories.
The word ‘addiction’ these days is used to refer to a chronic condition where there is an unhealthily powerful motivation to engage in a particular behaviour. This can be driven by many different factors – physiological, psychological, environmental and social. If we say that it is all about X, we miss V, W, Y and Z. So, some people think addicts are using drugs to escape from unhappy lives, feelings of anxiety and so on; many are. Some people think drugs become addictive because they alter the brain chemistry to create powerful urges; that is often true. Others think that drug taking is about seeking after pleasure; often it is. Some take the view that addiction is a choice – addicts weigh up the pros and cons of doing what they do and decide the former outweigh the latter. Yet others believe that addicts suffer from poor impulse control; that is often true… And so it goes on. When you look at the evidence, you see that all these positions capture important aspects of the problem – but they are not complete explanations. Neuroscience can help us delve more deeply into some of these explanations, while the behavioural and social sciences are better at exploring others. We need a model that puts all this together in a way that can help us decide what to do in different cases. Should we prescribe a drug, give the person some ‘tender loving care’, put them in prison or what? Theory of Addiction provides this synthesis. The first edition was well received: ‘Throughout the book the reader is exposed to a vast number of useful observations...The theoretical aims are timely, refreshing, ambitious and above all challenging. It opens up a new way of looking at addiction and has the potential to move the field of addiction a considerable leap forward. Thus we wholeheartedly would like to recommend the book for students as well as scholars. Read and learn!’ Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs ‘The book provides a comprehensive review of existing theories - over 30 in all - and this synthesis of theories constitutes an important contribution in and of itself... West is to be commended for his synthesis of addiction theories that span neurobiology, psychology and social science and for his insights into what remains unexplained.’ Addiction This new edition of Theory of Addiction builds on the first, including additional theories in the field, a more developed specification of PRIME theory and analysis of the expanding evidence base. With this important new information, Theory of Addiction will continue to be essential reading for all those working in addiction, from student to experienced practitioner – as urged above, Read and learn!
Theory Of Addiction
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Author : Robert West
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2013-08-14
Theory Of Addiction written by Robert West and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-08-14 with Psychology categories.
The word ‘addiction’ these days is used to refer to a chronic condition where there is an unhealthily powerful motivation to engage in a particular behaviour. This can be driven by many different factors – physiological, psychological, environmental and social. If we say that it is all about X, we miss V, W, Y and Z. So, some people think addicts are using drugs to escape from unhappy lives, feelings of anxiety and so on; many are. Some people think drugs become addictive because they alter the brain chemistry to create powerful urges; that is often true. Others think that drug taking is about seeking after pleasure; often it is. Some take the view that addiction is a choice – addicts weigh up the pros and cons of doing what they do and decide the former outweigh the latter. Yet others believe that addicts suffer from poor impulse control; that is often true... And so it goes on. When you look at the evidence, you see that all these positions capture important aspects of the problem – but they are not complete explanations. Neuroscience can help us delve more deeply into some of these explanations, while the behavioural and social sciences are better at exploring others. We need a model that puts all this together in a way that can help us decide what to do in different cases. Should we prescribe a drug, give the person some ‘tender loving care’, put them in prison or what? Theory of Addiction provides this synthesis. The first edition was well received: ‘Throughout the book the reader is exposed to a vast number of useful observations...The theoretical aims are timely, refreshing, ambitious and above all challenging. It opens up a new way of looking at addiction and has the potential to move the field of addiction a considerable leap forward. Thus we wholeheartedly would like to recommend the book for students as well as scholars. Read and learn!’ Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs ‘The book provides a comprehensive review of existing theories - over 30 in all - and this synthesis of theories constitutes an important contribution in and of itself... West is to be commended for his synthesis of addiction theories that span neurobiology, psychology and social science and for his insights into what remains unexplained.’ Addiction This new edition of Theory of Addiction builds on the first, including additional theories in the field, a more developed specification of PRIME theory and analysis of the expanding evidence base. With this important new information, Theory of Addiction will continue to be essential reading for all those working in addiction, from student to experienced practitioner – as urged above, Read and learn!
The Psychology Of Addiction
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Author : Mary McMurran
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 1994
The Psychology Of Addiction written by Mary McMurran and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Alcoholism categories.
Provides an overview of psychological approaches to understanding addictions, describing the four stages in the development of an addiction and major treatment techniques such as self-control training, skills training and relapse prevention, with emphasis on the concepts of denial and motivation to change. Discusses both substance and behavior addictions. For beginning students, and for professionals who often encounter addiction problems. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
