How Did We Find Out About Numbers
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How Did We Find Out About Numbers
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Author : Isaac Asimov
language : en
Publisher: Walker & Company
Release Date : 1973-01-01
How Did We Find Out About Numbers written by Isaac Asimov and has been published by Walker & Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1973-01-01 with Number systems. categories.
Traces the origin of numbers and the development of the Roman, Egyptian, and Hindu systems of numerals.
Numbers And The Making Of Us
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Author : Caleb Everett
language : en
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Release Date : 2017-03-13
Numbers And The Making Of Us written by Caleb Everett and has been published by Harvard University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-13 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
“A fascinating book.” —James Ryerson, New York Times Book Review A Smithsonian Best Science Book of the Year Winner of the PROSE Award for Best Book in Language & Linguistics Carved into our past and woven into our present, numbers shape our perceptions of the world far more than we think. In this sweeping account of how the invention of numbers sparked a revolution in human thought and culture, Caleb Everett draws on new discoveries in psychology, anthropology, and linguistics to reveal the many things made possible by numbers, from the concept of time to writing, agriculture, and commerce. Numbers are a tool, like the wheel, developed and refined over millennia. They allow us to grasp quantities precisely, but recent research confirms that they are not innate—and without numbers, we could not fully grasp quantities greater than three. Everett considers the number systems that have developed in different societies as he shares insights from his fascinating work with indigenous Amazonians. “This is bold, heady stuff... The breadth of research Everett covers is impressive, and allows him to develop a narrative that is both global and compelling... Numbers is eye-opening, even eye-popping.” —New Scientist “A powerful and convincing case for Everett’s main thesis: that numbers are neither natural nor innate to humans.” —Wall Street Journal
The Universal History Of Numbers
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Author : Georges Ifrah
language : en
Publisher: Wiley
Release Date : 1999-12-06
The Universal History Of Numbers written by Georges Ifrah and has been published by Wiley this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-12-06 with Mathematics categories.
A riveting history of counting and calculating from the time of the cave dwellers to the late twentieth century, The Universal History of Numbers is the first complete account of the invention and evolution of numbers the world over. As different cultures around the globe struggled with problems of harvests, constructing buildings, educating their citizens, and exploring the wonders of science, each civilization created its own unique and wonderful mathematical system. Dubbed the "Indiana Jones of numbers," Georges Ifrah traveled all over the world for ten years to uncover the little-known details of this amazing story. From India to China, and from Egypt to Chile, Ifrah talked to mathematicians, historians, archaeologists, and philosophers. He deciphered ancient writing on crumbling walls; scrutinized stones, tools, cylinders, and cones; and examined carved bones, elaborately knotted counting strings, and X-rays of the contents of never-opened ancient clay accounting balls. Conveying all the excitement and joy of the process of discovery, Ifrah writes in a delightful storytelling style, recounting a plethora of intriguing and amusing anecdotes along the way. From the stories of the various ingenious ways in which different early cultures used their bodies to count and perfected the use of the first calculating machine-the hand-to the invention of different styles of tally sticks, up through the creation of alphabetic numbers, the Greek and Roman numeric systems, and the birth of modern numerals in ancient India, we are taken on a marvelous journey through humankind's grand intellectual epic. We meet those who only count to four-anything more is "a lot"; discover the first uses of counting fingers and toes; learn of the amazing ability of abacus users to calculate with brilliant efficiency; and ponder the intriguing question: How did many cultures manage to calculate for all those centuries without a zero? Exploring the many ways civilizations developed and changed their mathematical systems, Ifrah imparts a unique insight into the nature of human thought-and into the ways our understanding of numbers and how they shape our lives has slowly changed and grown over thousands of years. In this illuminating and entertaining work, you'll learn about: The earliest calculating machine--the hand Tally sticks--accounting for beginners How the Sumerians did their sums Greek and Roman numerals The invention of alphabetic numerals The achievements of the Mayan civilization India and the birth of modern numbers Indo-Arabic numerals and how they reached the West The final stage of numerical notation Praise for The Universal History of Numbers "Let us start the year with a bang. Georges Ifrah is the man. This book, quite simply, rules. . . . It is outstanding, and not least because it has been written from first principles, for people like you and me, curious but by no means expert . . . a mind-boggling and enriching experience."-The Guardian "Pursuing the invention of numbers across civilizations, Georges Ifrah has written the grand story of human ingenuity. . . . His amazing undertaking, describing humankind's relationship with numbers from Paleolithic times to the computer age, spans the world from Mayan ruins to Indian museums, from Egyptian hieroglyphics to Greek philosophers to Chinese libraries."-Le Figaro "Follow the astonishing path of Georges Ifrah, the Indiana Jones of arithmetic . . . who decided in 1974 to begin the search for his Grail, the origin of numbers. Journeying over mountains and across valleys, he discovered how-from Mayan to Chinese, from Indian to Egyptian-humankind has juggled numbers."-Express "Ifrah's book amazes and fascinates . . . It is nothing less than thehistory of the human race told through figures."-International Herald Tribune
Making Up Numbers A History Of Invention In Mathematics
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Author : Ekkehard Kopp
language : en
Publisher: Open Book Publishers
Release Date : 2020-10-23
Making Up Numbers A History Of Invention In Mathematics written by Ekkehard Kopp and has been published by Open Book Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-10-23 with Mathematics categories.
Making up Numbers: A History of Invention in Mathematics offers a detailed but accessible account of a wide range of mathematical ideas. Starting with elementary concepts, it leads the reader towards aspects of current mathematical research. The book explains how conceptual hurdles in the development of numbers and number systems were overcome in the course of history, from Babylon to Classical Greece, from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, and so to the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The narrative moves from the Pythagorean insistence on positive multiples to the gradual acceptance of negative numbers, irrationals and complex numbers as essential tools in quantitative analysis. Within this chronological framework, chapters are organised thematically, covering a variety of topics and contexts: writing and solving equations, geometric construction, coordinates and complex numbers, perceptions of ‘infinity’ and its permissible uses in mathematics, number systems, and evolving views of the role of axioms. Through this approach, the author demonstrates that changes in our understanding of numbers have often relied on the breaking of long-held conventions to make way for new inventions at once providing greater clarity and widening mathematical horizons. Viewed from this historical perspective, mathematical abstraction emerges as neither mysterious nor immutable, but as a contingent, developing human activity. Making up Numbers will be of great interest to undergraduate and A-level students of mathematics, as well as secondary school teachers of the subject. In virtue of its detailed treatment of mathematical ideas, it will be of value to anyone seeking to learn more about the development of the subject.
Surreal Numbers
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Author : Donald Ervin Knuth
language : en
Publisher: Addison-Wesley Professional
Release Date : 1974
Surreal Numbers written by Donald Ervin Knuth and has been published by Addison-Wesley Professional this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1974 with Computers categories.
Nearly 30 years ago, John Horton Conway introduced a new way to construct numbers. Donald E. Knuth, in appreciation of this revolutionary system, took a week off from work on The Art of Computer Programming to write an introduction to Conway's method. Never content with the ordinary, Knuth wrote this introduction as a work of fiction--a novelette. If not a steamy romance, the book nonetheless shows how a young couple turned on to pure mathematics and found total happiness. The book's primary aim, Knuth explains in a postscript, is not so much to teach Conway's theory as "to teach how one might go about developing such a theory." He continues: "Therefore, as the two characters in this book gradually explore and build up Conway's number system, I have recorded their false starts and frustrations as well as their good ideas. I wanted to give a reasonably faithful portrayal of the important principles, techniques, joys, passions, and philosophy of mathematics, so I wrote the story as I was actually doing the research myself."... It is an astonishing feat of legerdemain. An empty hat rests on a table made of a few axioms of standard set theory. Conway waves two simple rules in the air, then reaches into almost nothing and pulls out an infinitely rich tapestry of numbers that form a real and closed field. Every real number is surrounded by a host of new numbers that lie closer to it than any other "real" value does. The system is truly "surreal." quoted from Martin Gardner, Mathematical Magic Show, pp. 16--19 Surreal Numbers, now in its 13th printing, will appeal to anyone who might enjoy an engaging dialogue on abstract mathematical ideas, and who might wish to experience how new mathematics is created. 0201038129B04062001
They Said This Day Would Never Come
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Author : Chris Liddell-Westefeld
language : en
Publisher: Hachette UK
Release Date : 2020-01-07
They Said This Day Would Never Come written by Chris Liddell-Westefeld and has been published by Hachette UK this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-01-07 with Political Science categories.
The thrilling, unlikely story of Barack Obama's first presidential campaign, as told by the volunteers and staff who propelled the longshot candidate to the presidency In the year leading up to the Iowa caucuses, few thought a freshman senator named Barack Hussein Obama would be able to win the Democratic nomination--not to mention become the most popular leader in the world. But something was stirring. Hundreds of young people from all over the country began assembling first in Iowa. These "kids" became the foundation of one of the most improbable presidential campaigns of the modern era. Chris Liddell-Westefeld was one of those kids. He and thousands of other staff and volunteers dedicated every minute of their time, intelligence, and resources to help elect Barack Obama, as what started in the midwest spread nationwide. Drawn from more than 200 interviews with alumni including David Axelrod, David Plouffe, Alyssa Mastromonaco, Dan Pfeiffer, Valerie Jarrett, Josh Earnest, Tommy Vietor, Jon Favreau, and President Obama himself, They Said This Day Would Never Come takes readers deep inside the most inspirational presidential campaign in recent history.
Numbers Through The Ages
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Author : Mohamed El Bahry
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017-03-06
Numbers Through The Ages written by Mohamed El Bahry and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-06 with categories.
History of the bookThe reason which convinced me to write this book has a very funny background.For a long time I did not know that these numbers (0123456789), which determine nearly all of our daily routines, were Arabic numbers. In Egypt, my homeland, these numbers were always portrayed as "European numbers". My first journey to Europe in the year 1977 led me to Paris (France). I went there into a mosque to pray, and I read pages from the Koran and astonishingly noticed, that the text and pages were numbered with these "European numbers".I was extremely surprised and curious to find out why the Koran was provided in another country with such foreign numbers.Many years later, approximately 1991, I visited the University of Trier in Germany to learn the German language.Then One day I picked up a mailing ticket from the post office, where upon I read a sentence, ,,the provided data and information are allowed only with Arabic numbers". I was then a little bit confused and which numbers were meant with that?Then, it became clear to me that these numbers, which we use every day and everywhere, are the original Arabic numbers.Therefore, I decided to take it upon myself to research and find the answers to my unanswered questions. How were they actually developed? Who developed, modified and designed them? Why do we still use them today?In 1997 I began to study and became a great friend of the computer science. Thus it came into my mind to start writing about and illustrating the numbers as we know them today and their logics. Now it is possible for me to explain in detail and show in beautiful diagrams the history, the logic and the Origin of the numbers.Without my efforts and research in trying to find out about the origin, appearance and the logic of the numbers written in this book, I would never come across the idea, to modify the number Ten (10), and to present a new number system. In addition, and maybe One day I could say; "I may have extended and reformed a very old numerical system"I hope that this book with its contents, techniques and descriptions will open your minds to the fascinating world of numbers, and thank everybody for taking the time to read my book."I hope you have an Interesting journey!"
Numbers
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Author : Alfred S. Posamentier
language : en
Publisher: Prometheus Books
Release Date : 2015-08-11
Numbers written by Alfred S. Posamentier and has been published by Prometheus Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-08-11 with Mathematics categories.
Did you grow up thinking math is boring? It’s time to reconsider. This book will teach you everything you ever wondered about numbers—and more. How and why did human beings first start using numbers at the dawn of history? Would numbers exist if we Homo sapiens weren’t around to discover them? What’s so special about weird numbers like pi and the Fibonacci sequence? What about rational, irrational, real, and imaginary numbers? Why do we need them? Two veteran math educators explain it all in ways even the most math phobic will find appealing and understandable. You’ll never look at those squiggles on your calculator the same again.
The Lancet
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1887
The Lancet written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1887 with Medicine categories.
The Universal History Of Numbers 1 The Worlds First Number Systems
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Author : Georges Ifrah
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
The Universal History Of Numbers 1 The Worlds First Number Systems written by Georges Ifrah and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Numerals categories.
Numbers Are One Of Two Creations (The Other Being The Alphabet) Of The Human Spirit Which Have Given Us Today S World. The Three Volumes Of The Universal History Of Numbers Are Probably The First Comprehensive History Of Numbers And Of Counting From Prehistory To The Modern Age. They Are Also The Story Of How The Human Race Has Learnt To Think Logically. In Volume 1, Georges Ifrah Leads The Reader Through The Whole Art And Science Of Numeration As It Has Developed All Over The World, From The Court Sages Of Mesopotamia And Egypt To The Priests And Astronomers Who Perfected The Mayan Calendar. We Meet Those Who Count To Four Anything More Is Lots ; We Discover The First Use Of Fingers And Toes For Counting; We Follow The Sequence Of Trial And Error That Chose A Number Of Bases For Counting Until Base 10, The Metric System, Was Put In Place. In The Far East They Perfected Many Centuries Ago A Method Of Counting With The Abacus That Remains Astonishing In Its Speed And Sophistication. Yet It Still Begs The Intriguing Question: How Did They Manage For All Those Hundreds Of Years Without The Zero? Amazing, Captivating And Enriching, The Universal History Of Numbers Is A Must Read Not Only For Specialists And Academics, But Also For The Average Reader Who Is Interested In The Development Of Civilization.