How To Do Science With Models
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How To Do Science With Models
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Author : Axel Gelfert
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-12-21
How To Do Science With Models written by Axel Gelfert and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-12-21 with Philosophy categories.
Taking scientific practice as its starting point, this book charts the complex territory of models used in science. It examines what scientific models are and what their function is. Reliance on models is pervasive in science, and scientists often need to construct models in order to explain or predict anything of interest at all. The diversity of kinds of models one finds in science – ranging from toy models and scale models to theoretical and mathematical models – has attracted attention not only from scientists, but also from philosophers, sociologists, and historians of science. This has given rise to a wide variety of case studies that look at the different uses to which models have been put in specific scientific contexts. By exploring current debates on the use and building of models via cutting-edge examples drawn from physics and biology, the book provides broad insight into the methodology of modelling in the natural sciences. It pairs specific arguments with introductory material relating to the ontology and the function of models, and provides some historical context to the debates as well as a sketch of general positions in the philosophy of scientific models in the process.
Scientific Models
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Author : Philip Gerlee
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-07-07
Scientific Models written by Philip Gerlee and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-07-07 with Mathematics categories.
A zebrafish, the hull of a miniature ship, a mathematical equation and a food chain - what do these things have in common? They are examples of models used by scientists to isolate and study particular aspects of the world around us. This book begins by introducing the concept of a scientific model from an intuitive perspective, drawing parallels to mental models and artistic representations. It then recounts the history of modelling from the 16th century up until the present day. The iterative process of model building is described and discussed in the context of complex models with high predictive accuracy versus simpler models that provide more of a conceptual understanding. To illustrate the diversity of opinions within the scientific community, we also present the results of an interview study, in which ten scientists from different disciplines describe their views on modelling and how models feature in their work. Lastly, it includes a number of worked examples that span different modelling approaches and techniques. It provides a comprehensive introduction to scientific models and shows how models are constructed and used in modern science. It also addresses the approach to, and the culture surrounding modelling in different scientific disciplines. It serves as an inspiration for model building and also facilitates interdisciplinary collaborations by showing how models are used in different scientific fields. The book is aimed primarily at students in the sciences and engineering, as well as students at teacher training colleges but will also appeal to interested readers wanting to get an overview of scientific modelling in general and different modelling approaches in particular.
Developing Models In Science Education
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Author : J.K. Gilbert
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Developing Models In Science Education written by J.K. Gilbert and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
Models and modelling play a central role in the nature of science, in its conduct, in the accreditation and dissemination of its outcomes, as well as forming a bridge to technology. They therefore have an important place in both the formal and informal science education provision made for people of all ages. This book is a product of five years collaborative work by eighteen researchers from four countries. It addresses four key issues: the roles of models in science and their implications for science education; the place of models in curricula for major science subjects; the ways that models can be presented to, are learned about, and can be produced by, individuals; the implications of all these for research and for science teacher education. The work draws on insights from the history and philosophy of science, cognitive psychology, sociology, linguistics, and classroom research, to establish what may be done and what is done. The book will be of interest to researchers in science education and to those taking courses of advanced study throughout the world.
Models Of Science Dynamics
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Author : Andrea Scharnhorst
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-01-24
Models Of Science Dynamics written by Andrea Scharnhorst and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-01-24 with Social Science categories.
Models of Science Dynamics aims to capture the structure and evolution of science, the emerging arena in which scholars, science and the communication of science become themselves the basic objects of research. In order to capture the essence of phenomena as diverse as the structure of co-authorship networks or the evolution of citation diffusion patterns, such models can be represented by conceptual models based on historical and ethnographic observations, mathematical descriptions of measurable phenomena, or computational algorithms. Despite its evident importance, the mathematical modeling of science still lacks a unifying framework and a comprehensive study of the topic. This volume fills this gap, reviewing and describing major threads in the mathematical modeling of science dynamics for a wider academic and professional audience. The model classes presented cover stochastic and statistical models, system-dynamics approaches, agent-based simulations, population-dynamics models, and complex-network models. The book comprises an introduction and a foundational chapter that defines and operationalizes terminology used in the study of science, as well as a review chapter that discusses the history of mathematical approaches to modeling science from an algorithmic-historiography perspective. It concludes with a survey of remaining challenges for future science models and their relevance for science and science policy.
Models Of The Mind
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Author : Grace Lindsay
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Release Date : 2021-03-04
Models Of The Mind written by Grace Lindsay and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-04 with Science categories.
The human brain is made up of 85 billion neurons, which are connected by over 100 trillion synapses. For more than a century, a diverse array of researchers searched for a language that could be used to capture the essence of what these neurons do and how they communicate – and how those communications create thoughts, perceptions and actions. The language they were looking for was mathematics, and we would not be able to understand the brain as we do today without it. In Models of the Mind, author and computational neuroscientist Grace Lindsay explains how mathematical models have allowed scientists to understand and describe many of the brain's processes, including decision-making, sensory processing, quantifying memory, and more. She introduces readers to the most important concepts in modern neuroscience, and highlights the tensions that arise when the abstract world of mathematical modelling collides with the messy details of biology. Each chapter of Models of the Mind focuses on mathematical tools that have been applied in a particular area of neuroscience, progressing from the simplest building block of the brain – the individual neuron – through to circuits of interacting neurons, whole brain areas and even the behaviours that brains command. In addition, Grace examines the history of the field, starting with experiments done on frog legs in the late eighteenth century and building to the large models of artificial neural networks that form the basis of modern artificial intelligence. Throughout, she reveals the value of using the elegant language of mathematics to describe the machinery of neuroscience.
Ambitious Science Teaching
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Author : Mark Windschitl
language : en
Publisher: Harvard Education Press
Release Date : 2020-08-05
Ambitious Science Teaching written by Mark Windschitl and has been published by Harvard Education Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-08-05 with Education categories.
2018 Outstanding Academic Title, Choice Ambitious Science Teaching outlines a powerful framework for science teaching to ensure that instruction is rigorous and equitable for students from all backgrounds. The practices presented in the book are being used in schools and districts that seek to improve science teaching at scale, and a wide range of science subjects and grade levels are represented. The book is organized around four sets of core teaching practices: planning for engagement with big ideas; eliciting student thinking; supporting changes in students’ thinking; and drawing together evidence-based explanations. Discussion of each practice includes tools and routines that teachers can use to support students’ participation, transcripts of actual student-teacher dialogue and descriptions of teachers’ thinking as it unfolds, and examples of student work. The book also provides explicit guidance for “opportunity to learn” strategies that can help scaffold the participation of diverse students. Since the success of these practices depends so heavily on discourse among students, Ambitious Science Teaching includes chapters on productive classroom talk. Science-specific skills such as modeling and scientific argument are also covered. Drawing on the emerging research on core teaching practices and their extensive work with preservice and in-service teachers, Ambitious Science Teaching presents a coherent and aligned set of resources for educators striving to meet the considerable challenges that have been set for them.
Experiments For Physics Modeling Nature
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Author : John Mays
language : en
Publisher: Novare Science and Math
Release Date : 2015-09-16
Experiments For Physics Modeling Nature written by John Mays and has been published by Novare Science and Math this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-09-16 with categories.
The activities in this book are the results of those years trying things out and improving my home-made apparatus to increase the reliability and accuracy of the results. These experiments and teacher demonstrations are the ones I presently do in my own classes, the little carts and friction boxes now gathering dust in a closet. Most of these experiments can be performed very inexpensively. In my descriptions I indicate how to do the experiment with little investment, making the experiments accessible to schools and homes with limited funds. Over the years I have enhanced some of these experiments with digital electronics for data collection. This makes the experiment more interesting to the students, who are surrounded with digital electronics and tend to find anything else uninteresting. The electronics also increase accuracy significantly, improving results and making the analysis more satisfying. But my experience has shown that the simple act of doing an experiment outside with a pickup truck is so exciting for the students that they will love it whether you collect force data with fancy digital equipment or with lowly bathroom scales purchased from a discount store, as I did for many years. If budgetary constraints are an issue for you, start doing the experiments without the fancy digital equipment. You can modify the experiment and add the electronics over time as funds become available. I know there are a lot of books out there with ideas for science experiments. But the emphasis in this book is on experiments that are captivating, are low cost (at least initially), provide solid opportunities to do physics (and a little chemistry), and use equipment that is either already familiar or worth knowing about. I hope some of these experiments will enhance your own classes.
Models As Mediators
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Author : Mary S. Morgan
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 1999-10-21
Models As Mediators written by Mary S. Morgan and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-10-21 with Business & Economics categories.
Edited collection examining the ways in which models are used in modern science.
Scientific Models In Philosophy Of Science
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Author : Daniela M. Bailer-Jones
language : en
Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Pre
Release Date : 2009-09-13
Scientific Models In Philosophy Of Science written by Daniela M. Bailer-Jones and has been published by University of Pittsburgh Pre this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-09-13 with Philosophy categories.
Scientists have used models for hundreds of years as a means of describing phenomena and as a basis for further analogy. In Scientific Models in Philosophy of Science, Daniela Bailer-Jones assembles an original and comprehensive philosophical analysis of how models have been used and interpreted in both historical and contemporary contexts. Bailer-Jones delineates the many forms models can take (ranging from equations to animals; from physical objects to theoretical constructs), and how they are put to use. She examines early mechanical models employed by nineteenth-century physicists such as Kelvin and Maxwell, describes their roots in the mathematical principles of Newton and others, and compares them to contemporary mechanistic approaches. Bailer-Jones then views the use of analogy in the late nineteenth century as a means of understanding models and to link different branches of science. She reveals how analogies can also be models themselves, or can help to create them. The first half of the twentieth century saw little mention of models in the literature of logical empiricism. Focusing primarily on theory, logical empiricists believed that models were of temporary importance, flawed, and awaiting correction. The later contesting of logical empiricism, particularly the hypothetico-deductive account of theories, by philosophers such as Mary Hesse, sparked a renewed interest in the importance of models during the 1950s that continues to this day. Bailer-Jones analyzes subsequent propositions of: models as metaphors; Kuhn's concept of a paradigm; the Semantic View of theories; and the case study approaches of Cartwright and Morrison, among others. She then engages current debates on topics such as phenomena versus data, the distinctions between models and theories, the concepts of representation and realism, and the discerning of falsities in models.
R For Data Science
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Author : Hadley Wickham
language : en
Publisher: "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
Release Date : 2016-12-12
R For Data Science written by Hadley Wickham and has been published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc." this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-12-12 with Computers categories.
Learn how to use R to turn raw data into insight, knowledge, and understanding. This book introduces you to R, RStudio, and the tidyverse, a collection of R packages designed to work together to make data science fast, fluent, and fun. Suitable for readers with no previous programming experience, R for Data Science is designed to get you doing data science as quickly as possible. Authors Hadley Wickham and Garrett Grolemund guide you through the steps of importing, wrangling, exploring, and modeling your data and communicating the results. You'll get a complete, big-picture understanding of the data science cycle, along with basic tools you need to manage the details. Each section of the book is paired with exercises to help you practice what you've learned along the way. You'll learn how to: Wrangle—transform your datasets into a form convenient for analysis Program—learn powerful R tools for solving data problems with greater clarity and ease Explore—examine your data, generate hypotheses, and quickly test them Model—provide a low-dimensional summary that captures true "signals" in your dataset Communicate—learn R Markdown for integrating prose, code, and results