Ice And Snow Algae
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Ice And Snow Algae
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Author : Eric Marechal
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2022-04-05
Ice And Snow Algae written by Eric Marechal and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-04-05 with Science categories.
The Snow And Ice Algae Of Alaska
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Author : Erzsébet Kol
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1942
The Snow And Ice Algae Of Alaska written by Erzsébet Kol and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1942 with Science categories.
The Ecology Of Snow And Ice Environments
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Author : Johanna Laybourn-Parry
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2012-02-02
The Ecology Of Snow And Ice Environments written by Johanna Laybourn-Parry and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-02-02 with Nature categories.
The majority of extremophiles in ice and snow are microorganisms.
Snow Algal Communities Albedo And Supraglacial Biogeography In Northwestern North America
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Author : Casey B Engstrom
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Snow Algal Communities Albedo And Supraglacial Biogeography In Northwestern North America written by Casey B Engstrom and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
Snow algae grow on the surface of alpine and polar snowfields in summer, forming blooms known as "red snow" or "watermelon snow". Snow algal blooms reduce albedo, thereby increasing the rate of snowmelt, potentially resulting in earlier loss of snow cover. Snow cover duration impacts summer water supplies for humans and ecosystems, and on glaciers earlier loss of snow results in increased bare ice ablation and loss of glacier mass. A key first step in understanding snow algae albedo, ecology, and biogeography is identifying the species that form snow algal blooms, and mapping the bloom distribution is prerequisite to quantifying their snowmelt impact. The aims of this thesis were twofold: (1) to identify which snow algal species form blooms in southern British Columbia, and (2) to map the spatiotemporal extent of snow algal blooms on glaciers in North America. To address these aims, I analyzed snow algal communities and single cells via amplicon sequencing, and applied machine learning to classify supraglacial blooms in satellite images across 2019-2022. The results of high-throughput sequencing (metabarcoding) showed blooms contained a diverse mixture of Chloromonadinia and Sanguina. Orange and green Chloromonas blooms were most predominant at lower elevations, whereas red Sanguina was most abundant at high alpine sites. Rosette-like cells, widespread in field samples, were long thought to be a life stage of the cosmopolitan and abundant Sanguina nivaloides. By isolating and sequencing individual cells from field samples, we discovered that "rosettes" in fact constitute a novel genus of Chloromonadinia comprising five new species. The results of the remote sensing analysis revealed blooms were perennial and extensive at mid-elevation, low-angle sites on glaciers on the interior side of the Pacific Coast Ranges and throughout the interior mountain ranges. Bloom extent, duration, and intensity was highly variable between years, with the highest algal biomass produced in years and regions with persistent summer snowpack. Across all four summers, blooms affected nearly 5% of the total glaciated area in northwestern North America, but in some regions and years percent cover was as high as 65% per glacier. Altogether, this thesis characterises the algal taxa forming snow blooms in southern British Columbia, and reveals extensive coverage on North American glaciers, suggesting that blooms may play a previously underestimated role in snow and ice loss in this region.
Spatial And Temporal Dynamics Of Primary Production In Antarctic Sea Ice
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Author : Benjamin Lundquist Saenz
language : en
Publisher: Stanford University
Release Date : 2011
Spatial And Temporal Dynamics Of Primary Production In Antarctic Sea Ice written by Benjamin Lundquist Saenz and has been published by Stanford University this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Sea ice is an important driver of climate patterns and polar marine ecosystem dynamics. In particular, primary production by microalgae in sea ice has been postulated as a sink for anthropogenic CO2, and as a critical resource in the life cycle of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba, a keystone species. Study of the sea ice ecosystem is difficult at regional and global scales, however, because of the expense and logistical difficulties in accessing such a remote and hostile environment. Consequently, models remain valuable tools for investigations of the spatial and temporal dynamics of sea ice and associated ecology and biogeochemistry. Recent advances in model representations of sea ice have called into question the accuracy of previous studies, and allow the creation of new tools to perform mechanistic simulations of sea ice physics and biogeochemistry. To address spatial and temporal variability in Antarctic sea ice algal production, and to establish the bounds and sensitivities of the sea ice ecosystem, a new, coupled sea ice ecosystem model was developed. In the vertical dimension, the model resolves incorporated saline brine, macronutrients concentrations, spectral shortwave radiation, and the sea ice algae community at high resolution. A novel method for thermodynamics, desalination, and fluid transfer in slushy, high-brine fraction sea ice was developed to simulate regions of high algal productivity. The processes of desalination, fluid transfer, snow-ice creation, and superimposed ice formation allowed the evolution of realistic vertical profiles of sea ice salinity and algal growth. The model replicated time series observations of ice temperature, salinity, algal biomass, and estimated fluid flux from the Ice Station Weddell experiment. In the horizontal dimension, sub-grid scale parameterizations of snow and ice thickness allow more realistic simulation of the ice thickness distribution, and consequently, sea ice algal habitat. The model is forced from above by atmospheric reanalysis climatologies, and from below by climatological ocean heat flux and deep-water ocean characteristics. Areal sea ice concentration and motion are specified according to SSM/I passive microwave satellite estimates of these parameters. Sensitivity testing of different snow and ice parameterizations showed that without a sub-grid scale ice thickness distribution, mean ice and snow thickness is lower and bottom sea ice algal production is elevated. Atmospheric forcing from different reanalysis data sets cause mean and regional shifts in sea ice production and associated ecology, even when sea ice extent and motion is controlled. Snow cover represents a first-order control over ice algal production by limiting the light available to bottom ice algal communities, and changes to the regional, rather than mean, snow thickness due to the use of different ice and snow representations are responsible for large differences in the magnitude and distribution of sea ice algal production. Improved convective nutrient exchange in high-brine fraction (slush) sea ice is responsible for up to 18% of total sea ice algal production. A continuous 10-year model run using climatological years 1996-2005 produced a time series of sea ice algal primary production that varied between 15.5 and 18.0 Tg C yr-1. This study represents the first interannual estimate of Antarctic sea ice algal production that dynamically considers the light, temperature, salinity, and nutrient conditions that control algal growth. On average, 64% of algal production occurred in the bottom 0.2 m of the ice pack. Production was spatially heterogeneous, with little consistency between years when examined at regional scales; however, at basin or hemispheric scales, annual production was fairly consistent in magnitude. At a mean of 0.9 g C m-2 yr-1, the magnitude of carbon uptake by sea ice algae will not significantly affect the Southern Ocean carbon cycle. Light availability was the dominant control on sea ice algae growth over the majority of the year; however, severe nutrient limitation that occurred annually during late spring and summer proved to be the largest control over sea ice algal productivity.
Snow Ecology
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Author : H. G. Jones
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2001-01-15
Snow Ecology written by H. G. Jones and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-01-15 with Nature categories.
A multidisciplinary 2001 overview of life in, on and under snow for anyone interested in the cryosphere.
Polyextremophiles
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Author : Joseph Seckbach
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-05-13
Polyextremophiles written by Joseph Seckbach and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-05-13 with Science categories.
Many Microorganisms and some macro-organisms can live under extreme conditions. For example, high and low temperature, acidic and alkaline conditions, high salt areas, high pressure, toxic compounds, high level of ionizing radiation, anoxia and absence of light, etc. Many organisms inhabit environments characterized by more than one form of stress (Polyextremophiles). Among them are those who live in hypersaline and alkaline, hot and acidic, cold/hot and high hydrostatic pressure, etc. Polyextremophiles found in desert regions have to copy with intense UV irradiation and desiccation, high as well as low temperatures, and low availability of water and nutrients. This book provides novel results of application to polyextremophiles research ranging from nanotechnology to synthetic biology to the origin of life and beyond.
Arctic Sea Ice Ecology
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Author : Lars Chresten Lund-Hansen
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-08-07
Arctic Sea Ice Ecology written by Lars Chresten Lund-Hansen and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-08-07 with Science categories.
The book on sea ice ecology is the ecology of sea ice algae and other microorganism as bacteria, meiofauna, and viruses residing inside or at the bottom of the sea ice, called the sympagic biota. Organisms as seals, fish, birds, and Polar bears relies on sea ice but are not part of this biota. A distinct feature of this ecosystem, is the disappearance (melt) every summer and re-establishing in autumn and winter. The book is organized seasonally describing the physical, optical, biological, and geochemical conditions typical of the seasons: autumn, winter, and spring. These are exemplified with case studies based on author’s fieldwork in Greenland, the Arctic Ocean, and Antarctica but focused on Arctic conditions. The sea ice ecosystem is described in the context of climate change, interests, and effects of a decreasing summer ice extent in the Arctic Ocean. The book contains an up to date description of most relevant methods and techniques applied in sea ice ecology research. This book will appeal to university students at Masters or PhD levels reading biology, geosciences, and chemistry.
Bio Optical Characterization Of Bottom Ice Algae In Snow Covered Landfast Sea Ice In Baffin Bay Nunavut
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Author : Christine Quiring
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Bio Optical Characterization Of Bottom Ice Algae In Snow Covered Landfast Sea Ice In Baffin Bay Nunavut written by Christine Quiring and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
During late-winter/spring, ice algae often form in a layer at the bottom of Arctic sea ice. This thesis investigates how these ice algae imbedded within a sea ice matrix absorb solar radiation, and how the spectral distribution of the radiation transmitted through the ice can be used to infer ice algae properties. During a case study of landfast ice in Baffin Bay, NU, Canada, it was found that (i) ice algae were highly shade-acclimated with absorption characteristics indicating a strong package effect, a likely result of the deep snow-cover. Furthermore, transmittance spectra (ii) revealed that ice algae attenuated significantly more radiation, (iii) showed evidence of natural fluorescence, and (iv) potentially indicated the presence of an un-sampled algal or cyanobacterial population, than that expected from extracted ice sample analyses in the laboratory. These results emphasize the important role of spectral transmittance observations in informing bio-optical and primary productivity studies of sea ice algae.
Sea Ice Biota
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Author : Horner
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2018-01-18
Sea Ice Biota written by Horner and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-01-18 with Science categories.
Investigators from a number of countries have been studying the ice community and experimental information is now available from a number of geographic areas. This includes ecological data as well as community and species specific physiological information. The literature on ice biota is scattered, being found in scientific journals, research and technical reports, symposia proceedings, M. S. theses and Ph.D. dissertations, meeting abstracts, and books on topics ranging from algal ecology to regional oceanography. Much of the material has not been published and some is available only in proprietry or difficult to obtain reports. The purpose of this book is to bring the data and references together in one place and to provide state of the art information on these little known, but ecologically important, polar communities.