International Pricing
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Global Pricing Strategies Theoretical Concepts And Practical Experience
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Author : Jochen Volm
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2002-09-15
Global Pricing Strategies Theoretical Concepts And Practical Experience written by Jochen Volm and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-09-15 with Business & Economics categories.
Seminar paper from the year 2001 in the subject Business economics - Investment and Finance, grade: 1,7 (A-), Pforzheim University (Economics), course: International Activities, language: English, abstract: Falling trade barriers between national markets, the rise of newly industrialized countries and technological changes have affected the structure of international markets and imposed new challenges on the international business environment. The bases of competition within many markets are changing so much that the opportunities to survive with purely domestic strategies are becoming limited. One of the implications of these developments is that the efforts of many international firms to maintain profits by reducing costs or increasing production quantities has reached a limit in many markets. Therefore a lot of managers are concentrating more and more on another determinant of profit: pricing. Indeed, a good pricing management is able to increase profits and liquidity, and therefore shareholder value. While achieving economies of scale through their global operations, companies still have to act locally. The increasing importance of the price suggests that traditionally simple methods (e.g. cost or competition related pricing) are not enough to meet the requirements anymore. As a consequence, more comprehensive pricing strategies have to be developed in order to still be successful in future. When defining a global pricing strategy, international firms should consider several determinants that influence pricing decisions in international markets. The following paper takes a closer look at the different significant determinants required to set up a global pricing strategy as well as the different pricing strategies that can be used to reach the determined goals. In order to visualize aspects of the pricing process, practical examples are used to help to understand the importance of different elements within pricing management.
Price In International Marketing
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Author : David Carnicer Sospedra
language : en
Publisher: ESIC
Release Date : 2016-09-01
Price In International Marketing written by David Carnicer Sospedra and has been published by ESIC this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-09-01 with categories.
The marketing mix is the coherent combination of policies of Product, Price, Distribution and Communication which, well structured, allows us to introduce a differentiated offering in a market with the intention of adequately position ourselves to achieve sales and profits. Just like in the different elements of the marketing mix there may always exist some element of subjectivity, since it is difficult at times to determine whether a product has higher quality than another, whether a promotional policy is more efficient than another or whether a distribution channel is more suitable than another, when we talk about Price in international negotiations it is obvious that a product that costs 100 euros is cheaper than another one that costs 200 euros. In fact, we could say that with the marketing mix we are just trying to divert the customer’s attention into the rest of the elements of marketing other than price, in order to add value to the offering and try to justify the price that we demand. Price is such an essential element that, once established, we must make the customer accept it. It is crucial, therefore, to know the use of the concepts, criteria and tactics that are developed below in order to set the pricing policy to be followed in our international sales and maximize performance. Moreover, Price fixing in the international market setting is much more complicated than in the domestic market, because in addition to the usual difficulties there are constraints derived from different markets (different legal and economic settings, competitive situation, relationship between the different markets, etc.) And very often our knowledge of foreign markets is not as deep as the one we have of our own market. On the other hand, the Pricing policy has a potentiality, which is that Price determination allows a Company to have a flexible instrument within the marketing-mix to quickly modify their strategies. It is much slower acting on the distribution policy, for instance. It should be clear that the pricing policy is first and foremost a «marketing policy», i.e a system or method that enables us to achieve our objectives and not just a check list on which to calculate our costs. It is a marketing tool that should allow us to (Bertrán, 1994): (1) obtain some profits on the investments made, (2) gain a position in the market and (3) face competition. But all in a manner that is consistent with the other elements of the marketing mix and in a dynamic way. Contents 1. INTRODUCTION: PRICE AND INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY 2. BASIC FOR PRICE SETTING 3. COMPARISON BETWEEN DOMESTIC PRICES AND EXPORT PRICES 4. DETERMINANTS OF THE EXPORT PRICE 5. METHODS OF INTERNATIONAL PRICING 6. INTERNATIONAL PRICES QUOTATION 7. PRICING POLICY IN PERIOD OF INFLATION 8. INTERNATIONAL TRANSFER PRICES 9. MEHODS TO CHANGE PRICES 10. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND WEBSITES
Guide To International Transfer Pricing
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Author : Dr A. Michael Heimert
language : en
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
Release Date : 2018-10-26
Guide To International Transfer Pricing written by Dr A. Michael Heimert and has been published by Kluwer Law International B.V. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-10-26 with Law categories.
The pricing of goods, services, intangible property and financial instruments within a multi-divisional organization, particularly in regard to cross-border transactions, has emerged as one of the most contentious areas of international tax law. This is due in no small measure to the rise of transfer pricing regulations as governments seek to stem the flow of their tax revenue from their jurisdictions. This thoroughly practical work provides guidance on an array of critical transfer pricing issues. The guide’s relevance is further enhanced by the inclusion of country chapters covering domestic transfer pricing issues in a variety of key national jurisdictions.
International Pricing Of Emerging Market Corporate Debt
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Author : Ms.Sonja Keller
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2010-01-01
International Pricing Of Emerging Market Corporate Debt written by Ms.Sonja Keller and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-01-01 with Business & Economics categories.
We examine risk spreads charged on corporate bonds placed by emerging market borrowers on international exchanges. While global developments have an important effect on spreads, changes in firm-level default risk also matter significantly in a way consistent with theory and experience in mature markets. In contrast, except during periods of financial crisis, country factors play a limited role. These findings go against the supposition that limited information on emerging market firms or significant agency problems prevent firm-level credit discrimination by international investors. The firm-level information capitalization into spreads possibly reflects protection afforded by the exchange listing on international markets.
Fundamentals Of International Transfer Pricing In Law And Economics
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Author : Wolfgang Schön
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-02-15
Fundamentals Of International Transfer Pricing In Law And Economics written by Wolfgang Schön and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-02-15 with Law categories.
The taxation of multinational corporate groups has become a major concern in the academic and political debate on the future of international taxation. In particular the arm’s length standard for the determination of transfer prices is under increasing pressure. Many countries and international bodies are now taking a closer look at the use of transfer prices for profit shifting and are exploring alternative mechanisms such as formulary apportionment for the allocation of taxing rights. With regard to this topic, this volume is the first to offer a concise analysis of transfer pricing in the international tax arena from an interdisciplinary legal and economic point of view. Fundamentals such as the efficient allocation of resources within multi-unit firms and distortions between different goals of transfer pricing as well as different aspects of it in tax and corporate law, the traditional OECD approach and practical aspects concerning intangibles, capital and risk allocation are covered by outstanding authors.
Transfer Pricing In International Business
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Author : Geoff Turner
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Transfer Pricing In International Business written by Geoff Turner and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with International business enterprises categories.
Summary: Trade is understood to have taken place throughout much of recorded history. From those early beginnings, and through all the stumbling blocks, mistakes, and moments of inspiration over the centuries, the development of trade has contributed to the modern, globalized world in which we live. The increasing economic, social, and political importance of trade spawned a phenomenon called the multinational organization. These organizations are capable of exercising extreme power not only in individual countries but globally for they are a source of revenue, employment, and economic activity. However, these organizations have a national home where profits will ultimately have to come, and in their effort to maximize the amount repatriated, they often engage in internal-pricing practices, known more commonly as transfer pricing, which enrage either their host or home countries, provoking them to monitor and capriciously modify transfer prices as a way of protecting their national income.
An Outline Of International Price Theories
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Author : Chi-Yuen Wu
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2013-10-08
An Outline Of International Price Theories written by Chi-Yuen Wu and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-08 with Business & Economics categories.
Covering the period 1550 - 1939, this book examines the history and development of theories of international pricing and trade. The work of the following economists is covered: Locke, Barbon, Vaderlint, Harris, Hume, Smith, Ricardo, Malthus, Bosanquet, Mill, Torrens, Marshall, Haberler, Austin, Stirling, Chevalier, Carines, Jevons, Leslie, Goschen, Bagehot, Wicksell, Sidgwick, Pigou, Viner, Heckscher, Ohlin, Keynes, Taussig, and Pareto. The volume includes an extensive Bibliography of each period discussed as well as comprehensive indices of subjects and names.
Price Management
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Author : Hermann Simon
language : en
Publisher: North-Holland
Release Date : 1989
Price Management written by Hermann Simon and has been published by North-Holland this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with Business & Economics categories.
This book is a completely updated translation of the German standard work "Preismanagement", a volume which was quoted in the International Journal of Research in Marketing as "a pioneering work in pricing" and was rated highest among eight international pricing books by a comparative survey in Die Betriebswirtschaft. An English language edition was thus more than warranted as underlined by some prepublication comments: "... The major contribution of the book is the fact that it introduces the English speaking reader to research on pricing from the German literature. It is for that reason alone that the book will appeal to many academicians in the USA and in other non-German speaking countries.............the book represents, in my opinion, the very best review of empirial work in the pricing area...............I also anticipate the book to be widely read by managers since pricing has become of the utmost concern to them. It provides them with a very useful conceptual framework and it also gives them useful advice on relevant topics such as pricing in inflationary times, the impact of taxation on pricing, and pricing under uncertainty." G. Assmus, The Amos Tuck School of Business Administration, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA. "The book should become the text of choice at the best institutions." R. Schmalensee, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Institute of Technology, USA. Price Management attempts to bridge the gap between the theory and the practice of pricing. Emphasis is placed upon the problems of applying theoretical structures and detailed recommendations are given about when and how certain techniques should - and should not - be used. Particular attention is given to pricing strategy over the product life cycle and under changing competitive conditions. Both academics and professionals will find this book of value. The book is a 'must' for any business, management and economics library.
Transfer Pricing And The Arm S Length Principle In International Tax Law
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Author : Jens Wittendorff
language : en
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
Release Date : 2010-01-01
Transfer Pricing And The Arm S Length Principle In International Tax Law written by Jens Wittendorff and has been published by Kluwer Law International B.V. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-01-01 with Law categories.
The arm's length principle serves as the domestic and international standard to evaluate transfer prices between members of multinational enterprises for tax purposes. The OECD has adopted the arm's length principle in Article 9 of its Model Income Tax Convention in order to ensure that transfer prices between members of multinational enterprises correspond to those that would have been agreed between independent enterprises under comparable circumstances. The arm's length principle provides the legal framework for governments to have their fair share of taxes, and for enterprises to avoid double taxation on their profits. This timely book contains a comparative analysis of the legal basis for the arm's length principle and the contents of the arm's length rules in US tax law as well as in the OECD Model Tax Convention and Transfer Pricing Guidelines. It includes a thorough review of international case law on transfer pricing from the United States, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. The book ends with an analysis of the issues associated with the application of the arm's length principle for multinational enterprises in a global economy.
The Theory Of International Prices
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Author : James Waterhouse Angell
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1965
The Theory Of International Prices written by James Waterhouse Angell and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1965 with Business & Economics categories.
