Investigating Mechanisms Of Spatial And Temporal Selective Visual Attention
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Investigating Mechanisms Of Spatial And Temporal Selective Visual Attention
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Author : Mary E. Smith
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Investigating Mechanisms Of Spatial And Temporal Selective Visual Attention written by Mary E. Smith and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Selective attention in vision undoubtedly uses many different types of mechanisms to achieve better processing of behaviorally relevant visual information. The present dissertation inspects two such possible mechanisms. The first proposed mechanism is through selective spatial attention. We proposed that "attentional control" regions of the brain send selective attention signals that relate to the differential attentional modulation measured in visual cortex, corresponding to the attended and ignored sides of visual space. We find, surprisingly, that the BOLD signal of attentional control regions do not appear to code for selective spatial attention in this manner. fMRI signals therefore appear to prioritize general arousal effects of attention more so than the types of attentional control signals that frontoparietal regions send to early visual cortex. The second proposed mechanism is through sampling visual information through time. It is hypothesized that intrinsic neural oscillations represent inhibitory waves of cortical processing ability, in which subjects are more or less able to detect visual stimuli depending on the phase of [alpha] oscillations in the brain. We used a paradigm involving visual entrainment; this paradigm has been used in the past to support the "pulsed inhibition of [alpha]" hypothesis. We find that the behavioral effects of this paradigm cannot strongly be supported by the pulsed inhibition of [alpha] because the neural effects of visual entrainment are transient and do not carry over into the target period.
An Investigation Of The Development Of Selective Visual Attention
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Author : Emily Rachel Owen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
An Investigation Of The Development Of Selective Visual Attention written by Emily Rachel Owen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Most of the knowledge of one's surroundings comes from vision, especially in infancy. As much of what we first learn is by way of visual processing, it is essential that infants be able to select only relevant information from the crowded visual environment. Indeed, the developmental literature suggests that attentional orienting and object indexing are key processes of selective attention, requisite for higher-level information processing. Research further shows that dynamic selective attention depends on the detection of spatiotemporal cues in the environment, and that this kind of visual attention is supported by parietal cortex. Fragile X syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with a single-gene mutation, and represents a leading hereditary cause of intellectual impairment. Selective visual processing deficits are hallmark cognitive features in infants with FXS, as are parietally-mediated impairments in adults; however, the developmental link between early visual attention deficits and later domain-specific cognitive deficits remains poorly understood. This dissertation presents findings from a novel program of visual eye-tracking experiments conducted in both typical infants and a population of young children with FXS. Three separate studies investigated selective attention processes across different cognitive domains (attention orienting, numerical processing, and sequence processing). The inclusive FXS-group performance across all three studies showed that, in this sample, impaired orienting was associated with the failure to use selective attention to extract the numerical and ordinal information from multiple element displays. These results support the hypothesis that impaired mechanisms of parietally-mediated integration of spatiotemporal information may be a fundamental source of abnormal cognitive outcome in FXS.
Selective Visual Attention An Experimental Investigation On The Effects Of Spatial Distance In Whole Report Tasks
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Author : Christian Valla
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2000
Selective Visual Attention An Experimental Investigation On The Effects Of Spatial Distance In Whole Report Tasks written by Christian Valla and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with categories.
Encyclopedia Of Neuroscience
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Author : Marc D. Binder
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2008-10-13
Encyclopedia Of Neuroscience written by Marc D. Binder and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-10-13 with Medical categories.
This 5000-page masterwork is literally the last word on the topic and will be an essential resource for many. Unique in its breadth and detail, this encyclopedia offers a comprehensive and highly readable guide to a complex and fast-expanding field. The five-volume reference work gathers more than 10,000 entries, including in-depth essays by internationally known experts, and short keynotes explaining essential terms and phrases. In addition, expert editors contribute detailed introductory chapters to each of 43 topic fields ranging from the fundamentals of neuroscience to fascinating developments in the new, inter-disciplinary fields of Computational Neuroscience and Neurophilosophy. Some 1,000 multi-color illustrations enhance and expand the writings.
Mechanisms Of Sensory Working Memory
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Author : Pierre Jolicoeur
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2016-06-17
Mechanisms Of Sensory Working Memory written by Pierre Jolicoeur and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-06-17 with Psychology categories.
Mechanisms of Sensory Working Memory: Attention and Performance XXV provides an update on research surrounding the memory processes that are crucial for many facets of cognitive processing and experience, with new coverage of emerging areas of study, including a new understanding of working memory for features of stimuli devoid of verbal, phonological, or long-term memory content, such as memory for simple visual features (e.g., texture or color), simple auditory features (e.g., pitch), or simple tactile features (e.g., vibration frequency), now called sensory memory to distinguish from verbal memory. This contemporary focus on sensory memory is just beginning, and this collection of original contributions provides a foundational reference for the study mechanisms of sensory memory. Students, scholars, and researchers studying memory mechanisms and processes in cognitive neuroscience, cognitive science, neuroscience, and psychology will find this book of great value to their work. Introduces the study of sensory mechanisms of working memory as distinct from verbal memory Covers visual memory, auditory memory, and tactile memory Includes translational content as the breakdown of working memory is often associated with a disease, disorder, or trauma to the brain
Attention And Time
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Author : Kia Nobre
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Attention And Time written by Kia Nobre and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Medical categories.
Our ability to attend selectively to our surroundings - taking notice of the things that matter, and ignoring those that don't - is crucial if we are to negotiate the world around us in an efficient manner. Several aspects of the temporal dimension turn out to be critical in determining how we can put together and select the events that are important to us as they themselves unfold over time. For example, we often miss events that happen while we are occupied perceiving or responding to another stimulus. On the other hand, temporal regularity between events can also greatly improve our perception. In addition, our perception of the passage of time itself can also be distorted as while we are performing actions or paying attention to different aspects of the environment. Surprisingly, this fascinating and fundamental interplay between ' attention' and 'time' has been relatively neglected in the psychology and neuroscience literatures until very recently. Attention & Time is the first book to address this foundational topic, bringing together several intriguing and hitherto fragmented findings into a compelling and cohesive field of enquiry. The book contains thirty-one critical-review chapters from internationally recognised experts in the field, carefully organised into three stand-alone, yet extensively cross-referenced, themed sections. Each section focuses on distinct ways in which attention and time influence one another. These sections, each encompassing a range of methodologies from classical cognitive psychology to single-cell neurophysiology, provide functionally unifying frameworks to help guide the reader through the many various experimental and theoretical approaches adopted. Section 1 considers variations of attention across time, and explores how attentional allocation is limited by very short or very long intervals of time. Section 2 describes several types of temporal illusion, illustrating how attention can modulate the perception of the passage of time itself. "A watched pot never boils" and, conversely, "time flies when you're having fun" nicely capture the experimental observation that the degree of attention allocated to stimulus timing contributes to its subjective duration. Finally, Section 3 examines how attention can be directed in time, to predictable or expected moments in time, so as to optimise behaviour. Bringing conceptually discrete, yet functionally related, fields of temporal attention research together within a single volume, this book provides a comprehensive overview that will be of value to the interested novice in cognitive neuroscience, whilst also inspiring experts in the field to make, perhaps previously overlooked, links with their own field of research.
Neural Mechanisms Of Spatial Attention
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Author : Ashley Royston
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Neural Mechanisms Of Spatial Attention written by Ashley Royston and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
Elucidating the neural bases of selective attention continues to be a key challenge for psychologists, vision scientists and cognitive neuroscientists. It also represents an essential aim in translational efforts to measure, treat and prevent visual and attentional deficits, to improve teaching and learning, and to tailor automated situational awareness and alerting systems to human capabilities. Past human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalographic (EEG) studies, as well as animal electrophysiological studies, have provided considerable information about the temporal properties, neuroanatomical substrates, and cellular- and synaptic-level mechanisms underlying attention. Despite substantial convergence in the mechanisms of attention revealed by these different approaches, there remain significant unresolved quandaries in the scientific literature. In particular, it is currently debated whether attention can influence neural activity during the initial feedforward wave of visual processing in human primary visual cortex (V1). FMRI in humans and cellular recordings in monkeys both suggest spatial attention can influence afferent sensory processing in V1. In sharp contrast, however, such effects of attention have not been reliably reported for human EEG recordings; the short-latency C1 component of the visually evoked event-related potential (ERP) that is generated in V1 is typically not affected by selective attention. Given the fMRI findings and the animal studies, what can explain this discrepancy? FMRI activations are tied to slow changes in cerebral hemodynamics that cannot distinguish between attention effects on incoming signals and activations due to longer-latency feedback activation of V1 from higher stages of visual processing—therefore, fMRI evidence is equivocal regarding whether attention-related V1 activations represent modulations of feedforward or feedback V1 activity. However, human and animal electrophysiology both provide the temporal resolution to distinguished between initial afferent volleys and feedback activity, making it difficult to reconcile the positive findings in monkeys and the negative findings in humans. The overarching hypothesis of this dissertation is that differences in the methods and paradigms between monkey and human studies could contribute to the differences in attention effects in V1. Specifically, monkey studies typically use continuous stimulation that is arguably more similar to natural vision than the punctate stimulation paradigms (e.g., trial-by-trial spatial cuing) often used in humans to study the effects of attention on sensory processing. Ongoing stimulation may trigger attention-related feedback signals from higher areas onto V1 that might not arise, or might not be observable, when simple, single, isolated stimuli are used. To investigate whether the nature of ongoing visual stimulation may account for some of the discrepancies reported in the literature, this dissertation examines human ERPs recorded during selective attention in six variations of a novel spatial attention task that builds on a paradigm successfully used to reveal V1 attention effects in nonhuman primates. Using this task, significant effects of spatial attention were observed on the amplitude of the C1 ERP in humans (Chapter 2). The addition of high-resolution eye gaze monitoring, however, demonstrated that small, systematic deviations of eye gaze in the direction of the cue hemifield likely contributed to the Chapter 2 finding, and when data from trials with deviations of eye gaze were eliminated, no attentional modulation on the C1 ERP remained (Chapter 3). Therefore, the main hypothesis that stimulus-triggered feedback attentional modulation of V1 signals should be observed as changes in C1 ERP amplitude, was not supported. Although the present findings do not explain the differences between spatial attention effects in monkey and human V1, they do provide additional support for the model that spatial attention effects observed using fMRI in humans is likely not the result of changes in input signal processing in V1, but instead reflects later recurrent activation of V1 that serves other computational purposes.
Spatial Feature And Temporal Attentional Mechanisms In Visual Motion Processing
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Author : Sonia Baloni
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Spatial Feature And Temporal Attentional Mechanisms In Visual Motion Processing written by Sonia Baloni and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
The three projects documented in this thesis investigated the role of three forms of attention in visual processing. Spatial, feature-based and temporal attention. The spatial and feature-based attentional characteristics were studied by conducting extracellular recordings from neurons of area MT and MSTd of macaque visual cortex. While the role of temporal attention was studied in a human psychophysics project. In the physiology projects we first defined the tuning characteristics of neurons from area MT and MSTd for two stimulus dimensions, namely spiral motion stimuli (SMS) and linear mo ...
Attention Space And Action
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Author : Glyn W. Humphreys
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 1999
Attention Space And Action written by Glyn W. Humphreys and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Medical categories.
To generate coherent behavior, the brain needs to attend selectively to the many objects that are present in the environment, but this poses several questions. How does the brain know which objects 'belong together'? How does the information from different senses get combined? How does this help to plan and carry out actions? The subject of attentional mechanisms has a long history in cognitive psychology, as it is the key to making sense of the visual world. However, new developments in cognitive neuroscience, and greater understanding of how attention and action are integrated, have transformed the field. This book is the first to bring together leading researchers to discuss the convergence of experimental findings in the following areas: visual selective attention, attention and perceptual integration, spatial representation and attention, visual attention and action, and control of attention. Attention, Space, and Action provides a unique combination of perspectives that will appeal to students and researchers from psychology, neuropsychology, neurophysiology, and neuroanatomy.
Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of Visual Attention
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Author : Alicia MacKay
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of Visual Attention written by Alicia MacKay and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with categories.