Investing Across Borders With Heterogeneous Firms
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Investing Across Borders With Heterogeneous Firms
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Author : Swarnim Waglé
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Investing Across Borders With Heterogeneous Firms written by Swarnim Waglé and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
This paper revisits the institutional determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) using a comprehensive new data set on the regulations that govern FDI in more than 80 countries. It exploits the presence of confirmed zero investment flows between countries to estimate productivity cut-offs of firms that invest abroad profitably. This approach corrects likely biases arising from firm heterogeneity and country selection in a theoretically derived gravity-type model. The analysis finds inward FDI to be highly responsive to cross-country variation in specific institutional provisions, such as arbitration of disputes and legal procedures to establish foreign subsidiaries. The importance of FDI-specific provisions stands out even after controlling for the general quality of institutions. Statutory openness to FDI, however, has no association with actual inflow of investment. These results are found to be robust to different specifications.
Cross Border Investment
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Author : Xinli Wang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Cross Border Investment written by Xinli Wang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
My dissertation investigates issues concerning information asymmetry, imperfect capital markets, and their impact on foreign portfolio investment (FPI) and crossborder mergers and acquisitions (M & As). Chapter 1 studies how investors allocate their portfolio equity investment internationally. I develop a model to formalize the information signaling mechanism of foreign direct investment (FDI): When investors make FDI, due to their control and monitoring as insiders, they obtain the information about the returns on overseas subsidiaries and thereby extract the information about the returns on FPI. The extent to which FDI predicts the returns on FPI is referred to as the informativeness of FDI. I construct measures for the informativeness of FDI and find that FPI is more sensitive to FDI if FDI has a higher degree of informativeness. Chapter 2, coauthored with G. Andrew Karolyi, investigates how imperfect capital markets and exchange rates affect firms' asset sales worldwide. We show that the informational imperfection on the capital markets impacts entrepreneurs' odds to win bids through two channels: First, it decreases the maximum amount of loans that entrepreneurs obtain; second, it reduces the cutoff level of entrepreneurs' initial wealth below which they are credit rationed. We find that the cross-border asset sales between a country pair are negatively correlated with the financial development of the target country, while it is positively associated with that of the acquirer country. The depreciation of the target country currency is associated with a lower increase in the cross-border asset sales for a higher level of financial development of the target country. Chapter 3 explores how firms' heterogeneous characteristics, in particular their competitiveness on the product market and productivity affect their domestic and cross-border corporate asset transactions. I find that firms participate in the domestic and overseas corporate asset markets through endogenous self-selection. Specifically, firms with high competitiveness are more likely to buy assets on the overseas markets, and they are more likely to sell assets on the domestic market. Firms with high productivity are more likely to buy assets on both the domestic and overseas markets, and they are less likely to sell assets on the domestic market.
New Voices In Investment
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Author : Maria Laura Gómez Mera
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2015
New Voices In Investment written by Maria Laura Gómez Mera and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Business & Economics categories.
This study analyzes the characteristics, motivations, strategies, and needs of FDI from emerging markets. It draws from a survey of investors and potential investors in Brazil, India, South Korea, and South Africa.
Global Investment Competitiveness Report 2019 2020
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Author : World Bank Group
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2020-07-06
Global Investment Competitiveness Report 2019 2020 written by World Bank Group and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-06 with Business & Economics categories.
The Global Investment Competitiveness Report 2019-2020 provides novel analytical insights, empirical evidence, and actionable recommendations for governments seeking to enhance investor confidence in times of uncertainty. The report's findings and policy recommendations are organized around "3 ICs" - they provide guidance to governments on how to increase investments' contributions to their country's development, enhance investor confidence, and foster their economies' investment competitiveness. The report presents results of a new survey of more than 2,400 business executives representing FDI in 10 large developing countries: Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, and Vietnam. The results show that over half of surveyed foreign businesses have already been adversely affected by policy uncertainty, experiencing a decrease in employment, firm productivity, or investment. Foreign investors report that supporting political environments, stable macroeconomic conditions, and conducive regulatory regimes are their top three investment decision factors. Moreover, the report's new global database of regulatory risk shows that predictability and transparency increase investor confidence and FDI flows. The report also assesses the impact of FD! on poverty, inequality, employment, and firm performance using evidence from various countries. It shows that FDI in developing countries yields benefits to their firms and citizens-including more and better-paid jobs-but governments need to be vigilant about possible adverse consequences on income distribution. The report is organized in S chapters: Chapter 1 presents the results of the foreign investor survey. Chapter 2 explores the differential performance and development impact of greenfield FDI, local firms acquired by multinational corporations {i.e. brownfield FDI), and domestically-owned firms using evidence from six countries. Chapter 3 assesses the impact of FDI on poverty, inequality, employment and wages, using case study evidence from Ethiopia, Turkey and Vietnam. Chapter 4 presents a new framework to measure FDI regulatory risk that is linked to specific legal and regulatory measures. Chapter S focuses on factors for increasing the effectiveness of investment promotion agencies.
Heterogeneity And Persistence In Returns To Wealth
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Author : Andreas Fagereng
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2018-07-27
Heterogeneity And Persistence In Returns To Wealth written by Andreas Fagereng and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-07-27 with Business & Economics categories.
We provide a systematic analysis of the properties of individual returns to wealth using twelve years of population data from Norway’s administrative tax records. We document a number of novel results. First, during our sample period individuals earn markedly different average returns on their financial assets (a standard deviation of 14%) and on their net worth (a standard deviation of 8%). Second, heterogeneity in returns does not arise merely from differences in the allocation of wealth between safe and risky assets: returns are heterogeneous even within asset classes. Third, returns are positively correlated with wealth: moving from the 10th to the 90th percentile of the financial wealth distribution increases the return by 3 percentage points - and by 17 percentage points when the same exercise is performed for the return to net worth. Fourth, wealth returns exhibit substantial persistence over time. We argue that while this persistence partly reflects stable differences in risk exposure and assets scale, it also reflects persistent heterogeneity in sophistication and financial information, as well as entrepreneurial talent. Finally, wealth returns are (mildly) correlated across generations. We discuss the implications of these findings for several strands of the wealth inequality debate.
Esg And Responsible Institutional Investing Around The World A Critical Review
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Author : Pedro Matos
language : en
Publisher: CFA Institute Research Foundation
Release Date : 2020-05-29
Esg And Responsible Institutional Investing Around The World A Critical Review written by Pedro Matos and has been published by CFA Institute Research Foundation this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-05-29 with Business & Economics categories.
This survey examines the vibrant academic literature on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing. While there is no consensus on the exact list of ESG issues, responsible investors increasingly assess stocks in their portfolios based on nonfinancial data on environmental impact (e.g., carbon emissions), social impact (e.g., employee satisfaction), and governance attributes (e.g., board structure). The objective is to reduce exposure to investments that pose greater ESG risks or to influence companies to become more sustainable. One active area of research at present involves assessing portfolio risk exposure to climate change. This literature review focuses on institutional investors, which have grown in importance such that they have now become the largest holders of shares in public companies globally. Historically, institutional investors tended to concentrate their ESG efforts mostly on corporate governance (the “G” in ESG). These efforts included seeking to eliminate provisions that restrict shareholder rights and enhance managerial power, such as staggered boards, supermajority rules, golden parachutes, and poison pills. Highlights from this section: · There is no consensus on the exact list of ESG issues and their materiality. · The ESG issue that gets the most attention from institutional investors is climate change, in particular their portfolio companies’ exposure to carbon risk and “stranded assets.” · Investors should be positioning themselves for increased regulation, with the regulatory agenda being more ambitious in the European Union than in the United States. Readers might come away from this survey skeptical about the potential for ESG investing to affect positive change. I prefer to characterize the current state of the literature as having a “healthy dose of skepticism,” with much more remaining to be explored. Here, I hope the reader comes away with a call to action. For the industry practitioner, I believe that the investment industry should strive to achieve positive societal goals. CFA Institute provides an exemplary case in its Future of Finance series (www.cfainstitute.org/research/future-finance). For the academic community, I suggest we ramp up research aimed at tackling some of the open questions around the pressing societal goals of ESG investing. I am optimistic that practitioners and academics will identify meaningful ways to better harness the power of global financial markets for addressing the pressing ESG issues facing our society.
The Shield Of Nationality
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Author : Rachel L. Wellhausen
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2015
The Shield Of Nationality written by Rachel L. Wellhausen and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Business & Economics categories.
The Shield of Nationality examines multinational corporations' relations with governments in developing countries. Wellhausen explains why governments can sometimes expropriate foreign-owned property, even in an era in which global capital is expected to have significant power. A new factor - the nationality of multinational corporations - is discussed as a source of political risk.
Making It Big
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Author : Andrea Ciani
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2020-10-08
Making It Big written by Andrea Ciani and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-10-08 with Business & Economics categories.
Economic and social progress requires a diverse ecosystem of firms that play complementary roles. Making It Big: Why Developing Countries Need More Large Firms constitutes one of the most up-to-date assessments of how large firms are created in low- and middle-income countries and their role in development. It argues that large firms advance a range of development objectives in ways that other firms do not: large firms are more likely to innovate, export, and offer training and are more likely to adopt international standards of quality, among other contributions. Their particularities are closely associated with productivity advantages and translate into improved outcomes not only for their owners but also for their workers and for smaller enterprises in their value chains. The challenge for economic development, however, is that production does not reach economic scale in low- and middle-income countries. Why are large firms scarcer in developing countries? Drawing on a rare set of data from public and private sources, as well as proprietary data from the International Finance Corporation and case studies, this book shows that large firms are often born large—or with the attributes of largeness. In other words, what is distinct about them is often in place from day one of their operations. To fill the “missing top†? of the firm-size distribution with additional large firms, governments should support the creation of such firms by opening markets to greater competition. In low-income countries, this objective can be achieved through simple policy reorientation, such as breaking oligopolies, removing unnecessary restrictions to international trade and investment, and establishing strong rules to prevent the abuse of market power. Governments should also strive to ensure that private actors have the skills, technology, intelligence, infrastructure, and finance they need to create large ventures. Additionally, they should actively work to spread the benefits from production at scale across the largest possible number of market participants. This book seeks to bring frontier thinking and evidence on the role and origins of large firms to a wide range of readers, including academics, development practitioners and policy makers.
Nation States And The Multinational Corporation
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Author : Nathan M. Jensen
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2008-01-21
Nation States And The Multinational Corporation written by Nathan M. Jensen and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-01-21 with Business & Economics categories.
What makes a country attractive to foreign investors? To what extent do conditions of governance and politics matter? This book provides the most systematic exploration to date of these crucial questions at the nexus of politics and economics. Using quantitative data and interviews with investment promotion agencies, investment location consultants, political risk insurers, and decision makers at multinational corporations, Nathan Jensen arrives at a surprising conclusion: Countries may be competing for international capital, but government fiscal policy--both taxation and spending--has little impact on multinationals' investment decisions. Although government policy has a limited ability to determine patterns of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, political institutions are central to explaining why some countries are more successful in attracting international capital. First, democratic institutions lower political risks for multinational corporations. Indeed, they lead to massive amounts of foreign direct investment. Second, politically federal institutions, in contrast to fiscally federal institutions, lower political risks for multinationals and allow host countries to attract higher levels of FDI inflows. Third, the International Monetary Fund, often cited as a catalyst for promoting foreign investment, actually deters multinationals from investment in countries under IMF programs. Even after controlling for the factors that lead countries to seek IMF support, IMF agreements are associated with much lower levels of FDI inflows.
Location Of International Business Activities
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Author : Academy of International Business .
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2014-12-02
Location Of International Business Activities written by Academy of International Business . and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-12-02 with Business & Economics categories.
In recent years an extensive range of new research has been revisiting the topic of the location of international business activities, from a variety of different perspectives and background interests. This work has been inspired in part by two apparently quite different but actually related contemporary trends: on the one hand, an emergence or revitalization of clusters of activities co-located in or around selected global city regions or fast growing metropolitan areas; and on the other hand, an increased global dispersion of activities conducted within the value chains managed or coordinated by many large multinational enterprises and their business partners. The former trend has given rise to discussions of how the elite of the cultural-cognitive economy of the 21st century (in Allen Scott's terminology) or the creative class (Richard Florida's term) are now being drawn or brought back to major urban centers; while the latter trend is associated with debates over outsourcing, and the economic and social consequences of shifts in the ownership and location of distinct nodes of value chains once production systems become more fragmented and the component parts of such systems become more geographically dispersed. An increased interest in the subject of international business location has been shown by scholars in Strategic Management, in Economic Geography, and in Regional Science, as well as in our own interdisciplinary field of International Business Studies. However, as is often the case in academic research communities, these bodies of scholarship have tended to develop at something of a distance from one another, each conversing internally more than they have with one another. Location of International Business Activities aims to promote a greater conversation between those interested in the topic of Location from various different backgrounds or starting points. The articles are taken from a special issue on the theme of the Multinational in Geographic Space which was published by The Journal of International Business Studies in 2013.