Ion Escape From Mars
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Ion Escape From Mars
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Author : Qi Zhang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Ion Escape From Mars written by Qi Zhang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
Ion Escape From Mars
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Author : Robin Ramstad
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Ion Escape From Mars written by Robin Ramstad and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Present-day Mars is a cold and dry planet with a thin CO 2 -dominated atmosphere comprising only a few mbar pressure at low altitudes. However, the Martian surface is marked with valley networks, hydrated mineral clays, carbonates and the remains of deltas and meandering rivers, i.e. traces of an active hydrological cycle present early in the planet's geological history. A strong greenhouse effect, and thus a thicker atmosphere, would have been required to sustain a sufficiently warm environment, particularly under the weaker luminosity of the early Sun. The fate of this early atmosphere is currently unknown. While several mechanisms can remove atmospheric mass over time, a prominent hypothesis suggests that the lack of an intrinsic Earth-like global magnetic dipole has allowed the solar wind to erode the early Martian atmosphere by imparting energy to the planet's ionosphere which subsequently flows out as ion escape, over time depleting the greenhouse gasses and collapsing the ancient hydrological cycle. Previous studies have found insignificant ion escape rates under present-day conditions, however, the young Sun emitted significantly stronger solar wind and photoionizing radiation flux compared to the present. The geological record establishes the time of collapse of the hydrological cycle, estimated to have occurred in the mid-late Hesperian period (3.3 billion years ago) at latest. To constrain the amount of atmosphere lost through ion escape since, we use the extensive database of ion flux measurements from the Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-3) particles package on the Mars Express orbiter (2004-present) to quantify the ion escape rate dependence on upstream solar wind and solar radiation conditions. The Martian ion escape rate is shown to be insensitive to solar wind parameters with a weak inverse dependence on solar wind dynamic pressure, and linearly dependent on solar ionizing photon flux, indicating efficient screening of the bulk ionosphere by the induced magnetic fields. The impact of an extreme coronal mass ejection is studied and found to have no significant effect on the ion escape rate. Instead, intense solar wind is shown to only increase the escaping energy flux, i.e. total power of escaping ions, without increasing the rate by accelerating already escaping ions. The orientation of the strongest magnetized crustal fields are shown to modulate the ion escape rate, though to have no significant time-averaged effect. We also study the influence of solar wind and solar radiation on the major Martian plasma boundaries and discuss factors that might limit the ion escape rate, including solar wind-ion escape coupling, which is found to be ≤1% and decreasing with increased solar wind dynamic pressure. The significant escape rate dependencies found are extrapolated back in time, considering the evolution of solar wind and ionizing radiation, and shown to account for only 4.8 ± 1.1 mbar equivalent surface pressure loss since the time of collapse of the Martian hydrosphere in the Hesperian, with 6 mbar as an upper estimate. Extended to the late Noachian period (3.9 billion years ago), the found dependencies can only account for ≤10 mbar removed through ion escape, an insignificant amount compared to the ≥1 bar surface pressure required to sustain a warm climate on early Mars.
The Atmosphere And Climate Of Mars
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Author : Robert M. Haberle
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2017-06-29
The Atmosphere And Climate Of Mars written by Robert M. Haberle and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-06-29 with Science categories.
This volume reviews all aspects of Mars atmospheric science from the surface to space, and from now and into the past.
The Plasma Environment Of Venus Mars And Titan
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Author : Karoly Szego
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2012
The Plasma Environment Of Venus Mars And Titan written by Karoly Szego and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Science categories.
This volume summarizes the recent results of the exploration of Venus, Mars and Titan in the field of space plasma physics. These are the only non-magnetic solar system bodies having dense atmospheres. A number of space missions investigated these objects; the past and the current missions are put in context with modern theoretical descriptions. The strength of the book is the comparison of the similarities and differences in the plasma interaction of Venus, Mars and Titan; such comparisons have not yet been published. This volume is aimed at graduate students and researchers working in planetary science and space physics. Previously published in Space Science Reviews journal, Vol. 162/1-4, 2011.
Atmospheric Evolution On Inhabited And Lifeless Worlds
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Author : David C. Catling
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2017-04-13
Atmospheric Evolution On Inhabited And Lifeless Worlds written by David C. Catling and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-04-13 with Science categories.
A comprehensive and authoritative text on the formation and evolution of planetary atmospheres, for graduate-level students and researchers.
Aeronomy Of Mars
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Author : S. A. Haider
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2023-08-17
Aeronomy Of Mars written by S. A. Haider and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-08-17 with Science categories.
“Mangalyaan was launched on November 5, 2013, to Mars by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). On October 2, 2022, ISRO declared that Mangalyaan had lost communications with Earth. Mars Color Camera (MCC) on-board Mangalyaan has taken thousands pictures of Mars. A full disk of Mars image observed by Viking is shown on the cover page of this book. Mars is covered by the dust as observed by Mangalyaan (from Arya et al., 2015). This book presents the atmospheric and ionospheric results obtained from all missions to Mars. It also covers various atmospheric and ionospheric models of Mars. Broadly speaking, the planet’s atmosphere can be divided into two regions: lower and upper. These two regions can be coupled due to the propagation of energy from the lower to the upper atmosphere. The first-ever book on the aeronomy of Mars, this work is intended to help students and researchers familiarize themselves with the field of aeronomy. In addition, it helps planetary probe designers, engineers, and other users in the scientific community, e.g., planetary geologists and geophysicists”.
The Dynamic Magnetosphere
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Author : William Liu
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-08-23
The Dynamic Magnetosphere written by William Liu and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-08-23 with Science categories.
Despite the plethora of monographs published in recent years, few cover recent progress in magnetospheric physics in broad areas of research. While a topical focus is important to in-depth views at a problem, a broad overview of our field is also needed. The volume answers to the latter need. With the collection of articles written by leading scientists, the contributions contained in the book describe latest research results in solar wind-magnetosphere interaction, magnetospheric substorms, magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling, transport phenomena in the plasma sheet, wave and particle dynamics in the ring current and radiation belts, and extra-terrestrial magnetospheric systems. In addition to its breadth and timeliness, the book highlights innovative methods and techniques to study the geospace.
Corotating Interaction Regions
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Author : A. Balogh
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-06-29
Corotating Interaction Regions written by A. Balogh and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-29 with Science categories.
A Corotating Interaction Region (CIR) is the result of the interaction of fast solar wind with slower solar wind ahead. CIRs have a very large three-dimensional ex tent and are the dominant large-scale structure in the heliosphere on the declining and minimum phase of the solar activity cycle. Until recently, however, CIRs could only be observed close to the ecliptic plane, and their three-dimensional structure was therefore not obvious to observers and theoreticians alike. Ulysses was the first spacecraft allowing direct exploration of the third dimen sion of the heliosphere. Since 1992, when it has entered a polar orbit that takes it 0 up to 80 latitude, the spacecraft's performance has been flawless and the mission has provided excellent data from a superbly matched set of instruments. Perhaps the most exciting observation during Ulysses' first passage towards the south pole of the Sun was a strong and long lasting CIR whose energetic particle effects were observed up to unexpectedly high latitudes. These observations, documented in a number of publications, stimulated considerable new theoretical work.
Venus Ii Geology Geophysics Atmosphere And Solar Wind Environment
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Author : Stephen Wesley Bougher
language : en
Publisher: University of Arizona Press
Release Date : 1997-12
Venus Ii Geology Geophysics Atmosphere And Solar Wind Environment written by Stephen Wesley Bougher and has been published by University of Arizona Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997-12 with Science categories.
The final orbit of Venus by the Magellan spacecraft in October 1994 brought to a close an exciting period of Venus reconnaissance and exploration. The scientific studies resulting from data collected by the Magellan, Galileo, and Pioneer missions are unprecedented in their detail for any planet except Earth. Venus II re-evaluates initial assessments of Venus in light of these and other spacecraft missions and ground-based observations conducted over the past 30 years. More than a hundred contributors summarize our current knowledge of the planet, consider points of disagreement in interpretation, and identify priorities for future research. Topics addressed include geology, surface processes, volcanism, tectonism, impact cratering, geodynamics, upper and lower atmospheres, and solar wind environment. The diversity of the coverage reflects the interdisciplinary nature of Venus science and the breadth of knowledge that has contributed to it. A CD-ROM developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory accompanies the book and incorporates text, graphics, video, software, and various digital products from selected contributors to the text. A multimedia interface allows users to navigate the text and the extensive databases included on the disk. Venus II is the most authoritative single volume available on the second planet. Its contents will not only help shape the goals of future Venus missions but will also enhance our understanding of current Mars explorations.
The Mars Plasma Environment
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Author : C.T. Russell
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2010-05-30
The Mars Plasma Environment written by C.T. Russell and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-05-30 with Science categories.
This book contains the latest results on the plasma environment of Mars and its interaction with the solar wind. These results include mapping of the plasma environment with the instruments on Mars Express and Mars Global Surveyor, the latest numerical simulations, and theoretical studies. This comprehensive examination of the Mars environment also sets the stage for the interpretation of the Venus Express measurements.