Iran S Nuclear Program Status
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Iran S Nuclear Program
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Author : Paul K Kerr
language : en
Publisher: Independently Published
Release Date : 2020-01-04
Iran S Nuclear Program written by Paul K Kerr and has been published by Independently Published this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-01-04 with categories.
This Congressional Research Service Study answers vital questions such as: Is Iran Capable of Building Nuclear Weapons?Who Is Monitoring Iran's Nuclear Program? How Soon Could Iran Produce a Nuclear Weapon
Iran S Nuclear Program Status
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Author : Paul K. Kerr
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Iran S Nuclear Program Status written by Paul K. Kerr and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Nuclear facilities categories.
Although Iran claims that its nuclear programs are exclusively for peaceful purposes, they have generated considerable concern that Tehran is pursuing a nuclear weapons program. Indeed, the UN Security Council has responded to Iran's refusal to suspend work on its uranium enrichment and heavy-water nuclear reactor programs by adopting several resolutions which imposed sanctions on Tehran. Despite this pressure, Iran continues at its Natanz centrifuge facility to enrich uranium, expand the number of operating centrifuges, and conduct research on new types of centrifuges. Tehran has also continued to produce centrifuge feedstock, as well as work on its heavy-water reactor and associated facilities. Whether Iran is pursuing a nuclear weapons program is, however, unknown. A National Intelligence Estimate made public in December 2007 assessed that Tehran halted its nuclear weapons program, defined as Iran's nuclear weapon design and weaponization work and covert uranium conversion-related and uranium enrichment related work, in 2003. The estimate, however, also assessed that Tehran is keeping open the option to develop nuclear weapons and that any decision to end a nuclear weapons program is inherently reversible. Although Iran has cooperated with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to an extent, the agency says that Tehran has not gone far enough to alleviate all of the agency's concerns about Iran s enrichment and heavy-water reactor programs. The IAEA continues to investigate the program, particularly evidence that Tehran may have conducted procurement activities and research directly applicable to nuclear weapons development. This report expands and replaces RS21592, Iran s Nuclear Program: Recent Developments, by Sharon Squassoni, and will be updated as necessary.
Iran S Nuclear Program
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Author : Congressional Research Service
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2018-08-19
Iran S Nuclear Program written by Congressional Research Service and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-08-19 with categories.
Iran's nuclear program began during the 1950s. Iran's construction of gas centrifuge uranium enrichment facilities, which can produce both Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) suitable for power plans, and weapons grade Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU), is currently the main source of proliferation concern. A National Intelligence Estimate made public in 2007 assessed that Tehran "halted its nuclear weapons program" in 2003. The estimate, however, also assessed that Tehran is "keeping open the option to develop nuclear weapons" and that any decision to end a nuclear weapons program is "inherently reversible." Obtaining fissile material is viewed as the most difficult task in building nuclear weapons. As of January 2014, Iran had produced an amount of LEU containing up to 5% uranium-235 which, if further enriched, could theoretically have produced enough HEU for as many as eight nuclear weapons. Iran had also produced LEU containing nearly 20% uranium-235; the total amount of this LEU would, if it had been in the form of uranium hexafluoride and further enriched, have been sufficient for a nuclear weapon. After the Joint Plan of Action, which Tehran concluded with China, France, Germany, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States (collectively known as the "P5+1"), went into effect in January 2014, Iran either converted much of its LEU containing nearly 20% uranium-235 for use as fuel in a research reactor located in Tehran, or prepared it for that purpose. Iran has diluted the rest of that stockpile so that it contained no more than 5% uranium-235. The U.N. Security Council responded to Iran's refusal to suspend work on its uranium enrichment program by adopting several resolutions that imposed sanctions on Tehran. Despite evidence that sanctions and other forms of pressure have slowed the program, Iran continued to enrich uranium, install additional centrifuges, and conduct research on new types of centrifuges. Tehran has also worked on a heavy-water reactor, which was a proliferation concern because its spent fuel would have contained plutonium-the other type of fissile material used in nuclear weapons. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) monitors Iran's nuclear facilities and has verified that Tehran's declared nuclear facilities and materials have not been diverted for military purposes. The agency has also verified that Iran has implemented various restrictions on, and provided the IAEA with additional information about, its uranium enrichment program and heavy-water reactor program pursuant to the July 2015 Joint Cooperative Plan of Action (JCPOA), which Tehran concluded with the P5+1. On the JCPOA's Implementation Day, which took place on January 16, 2016, all of the previous Security Council resolutions' requirements were terminated. The nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) and U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which the Council adopted on July 20, 2015, comprise the current legal framework governing Iran's nuclear program. Iran has continued to comply with the JCPOA and resolution. Then-Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Wendy Sherman explained during an October 2013 hearing of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations that Iran would need as much as one year to produce a nuclear weapon if the government made the decision to do so. At the time, Tehran would have needed two to three months of this time to produce enough weapons-grade HEU for a nuclear weapon. Iran's compliance with the JCPOA has lengthened this time to one year, according to U.S. officials. These estimates apparently assume that Iran would use its declared nuclear facilities to produce fissile material for a weapon. However, Tehran would probably use covert facilities for this purpose; Iranian efforts to produce fissile material for nuclear weapons by using its known nuclear facilities would almost certainly be detected by the IAEA.
Reassessing The Implications Of A Nuclear Armed Iran
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 2005
Reassessing The Implications Of A Nuclear Armed Iran written by and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with categories.
This monograph reexamines the strategic implications for the United States in the event Iran moves ahead to acquire nuclear weapons capability. This study draws on expert workshops held in the Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) at the National Defense University (NDU) in January and February 2005, as well as meetings, interviews, and research conducted at NDU and elsewhere over the past several years. Chapters are as follows: "Iran's Perspective: National Rights and Nuclear Weapons," "Neighbors, Negotiators, and Nonproliferators," and "U.S. Policy Options." Appendixes include "Timeline of Iran's Path to Nuclear Weapons," "Iran's Nuclear Program: Status, Risks, and Prospects," and "Walking the Tightrope: Israeli Options in Response to Iranian Nuclear Developments."
Iran S Nuclear Program
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Author : Blaise Misztal
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Iran S Nuclear Program written by Blaise Misztal and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Nuclear nonproliferation categories.
Several developments in early 2011 have been alarming, portending Tehran's advancement toward nuclear weapons capability. These changes include (a) Tehran's continued production of 19.8% enriched uranium; (b) Iran's testing and installation of advanced centrifuge models, which could enrich uranium as much as six times faster than the model currently in use; (c) installation of centrifuges at the previously undisclosed underground Fordow facility near Qom, with the stated purpose of tripling the 19.8% enriched uranium output; and (d) mounting evidence that Tehran never ceased its nuclear weapons program. Such activities, both covert and overt, underscore the hostile intentions of Iran's nuclear program and facilitate a potential Iranian breakout from its obligation not to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons under the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) and the safeguards mandated by the NPT and imposed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Such a breakout would severely constrain options to prevent the threat of a nuclear Iran. Indeed, once Iran acquires fissile material, U.S. policymakers, military leaders and strategic planners should assume that Tehran has a nuclear weapons capability, even if it does not test the device. Thus, the Islamic Republic of Iran could be a de facto nuclear power before 2011 is over.
Iran S Nuclear Program
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Author : The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research
language : en
Publisher: Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research
Release Date : 2017-10-02
Iran S Nuclear Program written by The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research and has been published by Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-10-02 with Antiques & Collectibles categories.
International suspicion surrounding Iran's nuclear activities was first aroused in the late 1980s and early 1990s. However, it was not until the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) launched an intensive investigation into the Iranian nuclear program in 2002, that it was revealed that Iran had enriched uranium and separated plutonium in undeclared facilities in the absence of IAEA safeguards. In January 2006, Iran began to ignore limitations on nuclear fuel cycle activities yet again, in defiance of the broad opinion of the international community and despite both offers of assistance and the threat of sanctions. To discuss the issue of Iran's nuclear program and its possible future repercussions on regional and global security, the Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research (ECSSR) hosted a symposium entitled Iran's Nuclear Program: Realities and Repercussions, in Abu Dhabi on February 26, 2006. Visiting experts were invited to share their views on the Iranian nuclear program, its likely development and the extent to which the potential threat of nuclear weapons could destabilize the Arabian Gulf and the broader Middle East region. This volume represents a valuable collection of these expert views, covering Iran's current nuclear capability and its potential to develop atomic weapons; the changes and developments in Iran's nuclear program since the 2005 Iranian presidential elections; Israeli foreign policy in relation to Iran; the possible impact that an Iranian nuclear program could have on the security of the GCC; and the prospect of military action against Iran.
United States And The Iranian Nuclear Programme
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Author : Steven Hurst
language : en
Publisher: Edinburgh University Press
Release Date : 2018-08-01
United States And The Iranian Nuclear Programme written by Steven Hurst and has been published by Edinburgh University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-08-01 with History categories.
Steven Hurst traces the development of the US - Iranian nuclear weapon crisis from the conception of Iran's nuclear programme in 1957 to the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in 2015. Hurst adopts a broader perspective on the Iranian nuclear programme and explains the continued failure of the USA to halt it.
Iran S Nuclear Program
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Author : Paul K. Kerr
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 2011
Iran S Nuclear Program written by Paul K. Kerr and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication. In 2002, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) began investigating allegations that Iran had conducted clandestine nuclear activities. Ultimately, the agency reported that some of these activities had violated Tehran¿s IAEA safeguards agree. The IAEA referred the matter to the U.N. Security Council in Feb. 2006. The Security Council required Iran to cooperate fully with the IAEA¿s investigation of its nuclear activities, suspend its uranium enrichment program, suspend its construction of a heavywater reactor and related projects, and ratify the Additional Protocol to its IAEA safeguards agreement. This report provides an overview of Iran¿s nuclear program and describes the legal basis for the actions taken by the IAEA and the Security Council.
Containing Iran
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Author : Robert J. Reardon
language : en
Publisher: Rand Corporation
Release Date : 2012-09-27
Containing Iran written by Robert J. Reardon and has been published by Rand Corporation this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-09-27 with History categories.
Iran's nuclear program is one of this century's principal foreign policy challenges. Despite U.S., Israeli, and allied efforts, Iran has an extensive enrichment program and likely has the technical capacity to produce at least one nuclear bomb if it so chose. This study assesses U.S. policy options, identifies a way forward, and considers how the United States might best mitigate the negative international effects of a nuclear-armed Iran.
Getting Ready For Nuclear Ready Iran
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 2005
Getting Ready For Nuclear Ready Iran written by and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with categories.
Little more than a year ago, the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center (NPEC) completed its initial analysis of Iran's nuclear program, Checking Iran's Nuclear Ambitions. Since then, Tehran's nuclear activities and public diplomacy have only affirmed what this analysis first suggested: Iran is not about to give up its effort to make nuclear fuel and, thereby, come within days of acquiring a nuclear bomb. Iran's continued pursuit of uranium enrichment and plutonium recycling puts a premium on asking what a more confident nuclear-ready Iran might confront us with and what we might do now to hedge against these threats. These questions are the focus of this volume. The book is divided into four parts. The first presents the endings of the NPEC's working group on Iran. It reflects interviews with government officials and outside specialists and the work of some 20 regional security experts whom NPEC convened in Washington to discuss the commissioned research that is contained in this book. Some of this report's endings to keep Iran and others from overtly deploying nuclear weapons or leaving the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) are beginning to gain official support. The U.S. Government, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and an increasing number of allies now support the idea that states that violate the NPT be held accountable for their transgressions, even if they should withdraw from the treaty. There also has been increased internal governmental discussion about the need to clarify what should be permitted under the rubric of "peaceful" nuclear energy as delineated under the NPT. The remaining report recommendations, which were presented in testimony before Congress in March of 2005, remain to be acted upon.