Iron And Its Unique Role In Earth Evolution
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Iron And Its Unique Role In Earth Evolution
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Author : Arkady N. Pilchin
language : en
Publisher: UNAM
Release Date : 2006
Iron And Its Unique Role In Earth Evolution written by Arkady N. Pilchin and has been published by UNAM this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Earth categories.
Iron In Soils And Clay Minerals
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Author : J.W. Stucki
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Iron In Soils And Clay Minerals written by J.W. Stucki and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
Probably more than any other element, iron markedly influences the chemical and physical properties of soils and sediments in the earth. Considering its transition metal status, with potential variation in electronic configuration, ionic radius, and magnetic moment, combined with its abundance and relatively large mass, little wonder that one sees its unique influence on every hand. Pre sentations at the NATO Advanced Study Institute (NATO AS!) on Iron in Soils and Clay Minerals reviewed and discussed the occurrence, behavior, and properties of Fe-bearing minerals found in soils and in the clay mineral groups kaolinite, smectite, and mica. Also discussed at the NATO AS! were the basic chemical properties of Fe, methods for separating and identifying Fe in minerals, and the role of Fe minerals in weathering and other soil-forming processes. The present publication is the reviewed and edited proceedings of that Advanced Study Institute. The sequence of chapters follows the general pattern beginning with introductory chapters which overview the general occurrence of Fe in the earth and its chemistry, both generally and in mineral environments, followed by identification and characterization methods for Fe and Fe phases in minerals. The properties and behavior of Fe oxides, Fe-bearing clay minerals, and other Fe minerals in soils are then described, and the text ends with a summary of the role of Fe in soil-forming processes. A Table of Contents and subject index are provided to assist the reader in finding specific topics within the text.
Earth
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Author : Jonathan I. Lunine
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 1999
Earth written by Jonathan I. Lunine and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Nature categories.
This is an outstanding overview of the history of the Earth from a unique planetary perspective for introductory courses in the earth sciences. The book approaches Earth history as an evolution, encompassing the origin of the cosmos through the inner working of living cells. Earth: Evolution of a Habitable Planet tells how the Earth has come to its present state, why it differs from its neighboring planets, what life's place is in Earth's history, and how humanity affects the processes that make our planet livable. Today's human influences are contemplated in the context of natural changes on Earth. This book brings a fresh perspective to the study of the Earth for students who wish to learn how our planet evolved to its present form.
The Microbial Ferrous Wheel Iron Cycling In Terrestrial Freshwater And Marine Environments
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Author : David Emerson
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
Release Date :
The Microbial Ferrous Wheel Iron Cycling In Terrestrial Freshwater And Marine Environments written by David Emerson and has been published by Frontiers E-books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.
In the past 15 years, there has been steady growth in work relating to the microbial iron cycle. It is now well established that in anaerobic environments coupling of organic matter utilization to Fe reduction is a major pathway for anaerobic respiration. In iron-rich circumneutral environments that exist at oxic-anoxic boundaries, significant progress has been made in demonstrating that unique groups of microbes can grow either aerobically or anaerobically using Fe as a primary energy source. Likewise, in high iron acidic environments, progress has been made in the study of communities of microbes that oxidize iron, and in understanding the details of how certain of these organisms gain energy from Fe-oxidation. On the iron scarcity side, it is now appreciated that in large areas of the open ocean Fe is a key limiting nutrient; thus, a great deal of research is going into understanding the strategies microbial cells, principally phytoplankton, use to acquire iron, and how the iron cycle may impact other nutrient cycles. Finally, due to its abundance, iron has played an important role in the evolution of Earth’s primary biogeochemical cycles through time. The aim of this Research Topic is to gather contributions from scientists working in diverse disciplines who have common interests in iron cycling at the process level, and at the organismal level, both from the perspective of Fe as an energy source, or as a limiting nutrient for primary productivity in the ocean. The range of disciplines may include: geomicrobiologists, microbial ecologists, microbial physiologists, biological oceanographers, and biogeochemists. Articles can be original research, techniques, reviews, or synthesis papers. An overarching goal is to demonstrate the environmental breadth of the iron cycle, and foster understanding between different scientific communities who may not always be aware of one another’s work.
The Earth
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Author : Minoro Ozima
language : en
Publisher: CUP Archive
Release Date : 1981-06-30
The Earth written by Minoro Ozima and has been published by CUP Archive this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1981-06-30 with Science categories.
The Earth
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Author : Minoru Ojima
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2012
The Earth written by Minoru Ojima and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Science categories.
"Recent environmental problems and natural disasters have given cause for increasing concern over the future habitability of our planet. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a clear understanding of the Earth's past evolution can provide the key to its possible future development. The Earth: Its Birth and Growth explores the evolution of the Earth over 4.6 billion years using basic reasoning and simple illustrations to help explain the underlying physical and chemical principles and major processes involved"--
The Role Of Iron Chemistry On The Interpretation Of Lower Mantle Heterogeneities
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
The Role Of Iron Chemistry On The Interpretation Of Lower Mantle Heterogeneities written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
Iron is a major element in the mantle and its chemical behavior (partitioning, spin transition) affect the physical and transport properties of the phases which host it. Such variations can provide explanations of major heterogeneities observed in the mantle. Magnesium silicate perovskite (Mg, Fe)SiO3 (Mg-pv) and ferropericlase (Mg, Fe)O (fp) are the dominant phases in the lower-mantle and can potentially host significant amount of iron. It is thus of prime importance to constrain element partitioning at high pressure for improving models of the deep Earth. We investigated iron partitioning between Mg-pv and fp synthetised under lower-mantle conditions (up to 115 GPa and 2200 K) in a laser heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC). Recovered samples were thinned to electron transparency by focused ion beam (FIB) and characterized by analytical transmission electron microscopy (ATEM). Addititional informations on trace elements were provided by measurements using nanometer scale ion probe (nanoSIMS). Iron concentrations in both phases were obtained from EDX measurements and nanoSIMS and are in excellent agreement. Our results are the first to show that recently reported transitions in the lower-mantle directly affect the evolution of Fe-Mg partitioning between both phases. Mg-pv is increasingly iron-depleted above 70-80 GPa possibly due to the high spin-low spin transition of iron in fp. Conversely, the perovskite to post-perovskite transition is accompanied by a strong iron enrichment of the silicate phase. We will discuss the implications of these partitioning variations in terms of potential heterogeneities. We will also address shortly the early history of the Earth, as the observation of nanoparticles of metallic iron in the Mg-pv bearing runs suggests the disproportionation of ferrous iron and the self-oxidation of the mantle while these particles were not observed when the post-perovskite (ppv) phase was present. Implications on the oxidation state of the Earth and core segregation will be discussed.
Gallstones
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Author : G. Adler
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2004-08-17
Gallstones written by G. Adler and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-08-17 with Medical categories.
This book, the proceedings of the Falk Syposium No. 139 on "Gallstones: Pathogenesis and Treatment", held in Freiburg, Germany, on January 15-16, 2004, reflects the tremendous advances in the field of biliary diseases both at the genetic and cellular as well as the clinical levels. In industrialized countries, gallstones are a frequent clinical entity with a prevalence of 10-15%. In clinical practice one can differentiate between cholesterol stones, black pigment stones and brown pigment stones. 80-90% of gallbladder stones are cholesterol stones, 10--20% are black pigment stones. The prevalence of cholesterol stones increases with age and in Europe in the 70+ age group reaches about 20% in males and about 30% in females. Gallstones and gallstone diseases, therefore, are a frequent and important clinical problem. The book addresses the basic aspects of gallstone pathogenesis as well as the non-surgical and surgical treatment of gallstone diseases. Of particular interest are the epidemiology and genetics of gallstone formation, with definition of risk factors, in particular of genetic predispositions. Other major aspects are the hepatocellular and bilary transport mechanisms that predispose to the formation of gallstones. Apart from cholesterol and lipid transport and absorption, gallbladder function plays a central role in gallstone formation. Another clinically very relevant topic is the treatment of gallstone diseases by drugs, endoscopic and other non-surgical interventions, and surgery, as well as the long-term outcome of therapeutic interventions. The volume concludes with a state-of-the-art chapter on "Gallstone Research in the Post-Genomic Era". Gallstones: Pathogenesis and Treatment is an excellent update on the pathogenesis of gallstones as well as on the treatment of gallstone diseases, written by an international faculty of outstanding clinicans and scientists. The book will, therefore, be of great interest to hepatologists and gastroenterologists in academic institutions as well as in clinical practice.
Geological Evolution Of The Earth During The Precambrian
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Author : L.J. Salop
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Geological Evolution Of The Earth During The Precambrian written by L.J. Salop and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
Progress in Precambrian geology has been exceptionally great, indeed quite striking for geologists of the older generation; only some 30-40 years ago the Precambrian appeared as an uncertain and even mystic prelude to geologic evolution. Even the very name - Precambrian - means some indi visible unit in the early history of the Earth, the beginning of which is poorly known. At the same time it was obvious that the Precambrian formations are of extremely varied and complex composition and poor knowledge and lack of reliable methods of division and correlation were to blame for the lack of significant progress in studies of this early evolutionary stage of the planet. Certainly, even at the very start of Precambrian studies, the results obtained were quite promising, lifting as they did the mysterious veil over the regional Precambrian; but they presented no general realistic picture of this early stage in the Earth's evolution at that time. Recently, this situation has completely changed, due to new methods of study of the older forma tions, and due also to the refinement of some well-known methods, in particular of division, dating, and correlation of "silent" metamorphic strata. Application of different isotope methods of dating was most impor tant in providing objective rock age and thereby the age of geologic events recorded in these rocks. Thus it became possible to reconstruct the oldest geologic period of our planet.
Clay Minerals And The Origin Of Life
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Author : Alexander Graham Cairns-Smith
language : en
Publisher: CUP Archive
Release Date : 1986-12-18
Clay Minerals And The Origin Of Life written by Alexander Graham Cairns-Smith and has been published by CUP Archive this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1986-12-18 with Science categories.
This volume is the edited proceedings of a conference seeking to clarify the possible role of clays in the origin of life on Earth. At the heart of the problem of the origin of life lie fundamental questions such as: What kind of properties is a model of a primitive living system required to exhibit and what would its most plausible chemical and molecular makeup be? Answers to these questions have traditionally been sought in terms of properties that are held to be common to all contemporary organisms. However, there are a number of different ideas both on the nature and on the evolutionary priority of 'common vital properties', notably those based on protoplasmic, biochemical and genetic theories of life. This is therefore the first area for consideration in this volume and the contributors then examine to what extent the properties of clay match those required by the substance which acted as the template for life.