Learning Levels And Gaps In Pakistan
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Learning Levels And Gaps In Pakistan
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Author : Jishnu Das
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2006
Learning Levels And Gaps In Pakistan written by Jishnu Das and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Academic achievement categories.
Abstract: The authors report on a survey of primary public and private schools in rural Pakistan with a focus on student achievement as measured through test scores. Absolute learning is low compared with curricular standards and international norms. Tested at the end of the third grade, a bare majority had mastered the K-I mathematics curriculum and 31 percent could correctly form a sentence with the word "school" in the vernacular (Urdu). As in high-income countries, bivariate comparisons show that higher learning is associated with household wealth and parental literacy. In sharp contrast to high-income countries, these gaps decrease dramatically in a multivariate regression once differences between children in the same school are looked at. Consequently, the largest gaps are between schools. The gap in English test scores between government and private schools, for instance, is 12 times the gap between children from rich and poor families. To contextualize these results within a broader South Asian context, the authors use data from public schools in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. Levels of learning and the structure of the educational gaps are similar in the two samples. As in Pakistan, absolute learning is low and the largest gaps are between schools: the gap between good and bad government schools, for instance, is 5 times the gap between children with literate and illiterate mothers.
Learning Levels And Gaps In Pakistan
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Author : Jishnu Das
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Learning Levels And Gaps In Pakistan written by Jishnu Das and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Learning Levels And Gaps In Pakistan A Dime A Day
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Author : Jishnu Das
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Learning Levels And Gaps In Pakistan A Dime A Day written by Jishnu Das and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
The Achievement Gap Between Government And Private Schools In Pakistan
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Author : Maryam Akmal
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
The Achievement Gap Between Government And Private Schools In Pakistan written by Maryam Akmal and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Education categories.
Learning outcomes in Pakistan have traditionally been poor. However, over the last two decades, the educational market place has changed substantially. In particular, enrollment in private schools has increased dramatically across a broad range of income groups in both urban and rural areas. Given the important role of private schools in Pakistan's educational landscape, there is an increasing focus on the learning gap between government and private schools. Using household-level data from rural and urban areas of Pakistan, this study estimates the extent to which private school students perform better than government school students.
Household Schooling Decisions In Rural Pakistan
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Author : Michael Lokshin
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 1999
Household Schooling Decisions In Rural Pakistan written by Michael Lokshin and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with categories.
February 2001 An analysis of a field survey to investigate household decisions about schooling in rural Pakistan suggests that hiring more female teachers and providing more primary schools for girls closer to villages will improve the chances of rural Pakistani girls entering school and staying enrolled. Human capital investments in Pakistan are performing poorly: school enrollment is low, the high school dropout rate is high, and there is a definite gender gap in education. Sawada and Lokshin conducted field surveys in 25 Pakistani villages and integrated their field observations, economic theory, and econometric analysis to investigate the sequential nature of education decisions--because current outcomes depend not only on current decisions but also on past decisions. Their full-information maximum likelihood estimate of the sequential schooling decision model reveals important dynamics affecting the gender gap in education, the effects of transitory income and wealth, and intrahousehold resource allocation patterns. They find, among other things, that in rural Pakistan: * There is a high educational retention rate, conditional on school entry, and that male and female schooling progression rates become comparable at higher levels of education. * A household's human and physical assets and changes in its income significantly affect children's education patterns. Birth order affects siblings' competition for resources. * Serious supply-side constraints on village girls' primary education suggest the importance of supply-side policy interventions in Pakistan's rural primary education--for example, providing more girls' primary schools close to villages and employing more female teachers. This paper--a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to study the role of gender in the context of the household, institutions, and society. The authors may be contacted at [email protected] or [email protected].
Hope Or Despair
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Author : Donald P. Warwick
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Release Date : 1995-11-06
Hope Or Despair written by Donald P. Warwick and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995-11-06 with Education categories.
Hope or Despair? asks what promotes and what holds back student learning in Pakistan's government-sponsored primary schools. Using a national sample of schools, students, teachers, and supervisors, it shows how learning is affected by student background, teachers and teaching, school supervision, facilities, and innovation. It is the first book to use achievement tests based on the national curriculum to show influences on learning in the primary schools of an entire developing country. The study also explores why some students complete primary school and others do not. The overall quality of education in Pakistan's government primary schools is low, but student learning rises with the teacher's formal education and with certain teaching practices. Student social class, a strong influence on learning in the United States, makes little difference in Pakistan. Whether the teacher is male or female has no relationship to learning in science, but it does affect achievement in mathematics. Neither supervision nor school facilities are related to achievement. This unique study will be of great interest to those concerned with schooling effectiveness in developing countries as well as to economists, sociologists, and political scientists interested in human resources in those countries.
School Education In Pakistan
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Author : Asian Development Bank
language : en
Publisher: Country Sector and Thematic Assessments
Release Date : 2019-06
School Education In Pakistan written by Asian Development Bank and has been published by Country Sector and Thematic Assessments this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-06 with Business & Economics categories.
This assessment describes issues facing the school education system in Pakistan, highlights the challenges, and suggests some possible directions for reform--with a focus on two provinces: Sindh and Punjab. While average years of schooling in Pakistan have increased along with life expectancy and per capita income, inequality remains high and, by other education measures, the record remains dismal. Illiteracy is widespread and almost 23 million children aged 5-16 are not in school--a worrying statistic for a country whose current workforce is young, mostly unskilled, and poorly prepared for productive employment.
Learning And Doing Policy Analysis In Education Examining Diverse Approaches To Increasing Educational Access
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Author : Maria Teresa Tatto
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-09-17
Learning And Doing Policy Analysis In Education Examining Diverse Approaches To Increasing Educational Access written by Maria Teresa Tatto and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-09-17 with Education categories.
This book originated in a policy analysis class at Michigan State University taught during 2010. Using Professor Tatto’s unique approach to teaching policy analysis, the professor and students agreed to construct a class that represented a reflective and grounded experience in the policy analysis of a current and relevant issue with global ramifications; we began exploring policies that were developed at the global level and that were implemented locally. We investigated the surge of globally developed standards and regulations in an effort to improve education. Our goal was to learn cross-nationally about policies that seek to reform curriculum and instruction under efficiency and global competitiveness arguments, such as Education for All (EFA) and its USA cousin No Child Left Behind (NCLB). We knew our work would be bounded by the time available in a one-semester class, and by resource constraints. We did exploratory inquiry supported by literature reviews, reports on rigorous research studies, and in one case an exploratory case study. The policies we chose to explore, such as EFA and NCLB, offered us the opportunity to examine current reform tendencies that are intended to provide access to quality education for all children, the preparation of teachers to support diverse populations, the organization of schools to accommodate these children in response to vague policy mandates, and power issues affecting the different constituencies and stakeholders. The effects of these and other policies were difficult to track because research is scant and decisions are frequently made based on ideology or political persuasion. Our purpose was to explore the critical issues that originated such policies, and to search for documented evidence regarding policy implementation and effectiveness. We investigated the factors that seemed to interfere with successful implementation, from conceptual, theoretical, and methodological perspectives. In this class we learned that there are not ready-set frameworks for policy analysis, but rather that these have to be constructed according to the issues that emerge as policies are conceptualized and implemented to fit local contexts and needs. The book pays particular attention to the contexts of policy, including the evolving conceptualization of global and local systems of governance, knowledge regimes, and policy spaces. The book is designed for faculty and doctoral students in education who are interested in understanding diverse frameworks for policy analysis, and for those in the general public who are interested in the policies we analyze here.
A Dime A Day
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Author : Tahir Raza Shah Andrabi
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2006
A Dime A Day written by Tahir Raza Shah Andrabi and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Ability categories.
Abstract: This paper looks at the private schooling sector in Pakistan, a country that is seriously behind schedule in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Using new data, the authors document the phenomenal rise of the private sector in Pakistan and show that an increasing segment of children enrolled in private schools are from rural areas and from middle-class and poorer families. The key element in their rise is their low fees-the average fee of a rural private school in Pakistan is less than a dime a day (Rs. 6). They hire predominantly local, female, and moderately educated teachers who have limited alternative opportunities outside the village. Hiring these teachers at low cost allows the savings to be passed on to parents through low fees. This mechanism-the need to hire teachers with a certain demographic profile so that salary costs are minimized-defines the possibility of private schools: where they arise, fees are low. It also defines their limits. Private schools are horizontally constrained in that they arise in villages where there is a pool of secondary educated women. They are also vertically constrained in that they are unlikely to cater to the secondary levels in rural areas, at least until there is an increase in the supply of potential teachers with the required skills and educational levels.
Household Schooling Decisions In Rural Pakistan
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Author : Yasayuki Sawada
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Household Schooling Decisions In Rural Pakistan written by Yasayuki Sawada and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
Human capital investments in Pakistan are performing poorly; school enrollment is low, the high school dropout rate is high, and there is a definite gender gap in education. The authors conducted field surveys in 25 Pakistani villages and integrated their field observations, economic theory, and econometric analysis to investigate the sequential nature of education decisions--because current outcomes depend not only on current decisions but also on past decisions. Their full-information maximum likelihood estimate of the sequential schooling decision model reveals important dynamics affecting the gender gap in education, the effects of transitory income and wealth, and intrahousehold resource allocation patterns. They find, among other things, that in rural Pakistan: 1) There is a high educational retention rate, conditional on school entry, and that male and female schooling progression rates become comparable at higher levels of education. 2) A household's human and physical assets and changes in its income significantly affect children's education patterns. Birth order affects siblings' competition for resources. 3) Serious supply-side constraints on village girls' primary education suggest the importance of supply-side policy interventions in Pakistan's rural primary education--for example, providing more girls' primary schools close to villages and employing more female teachers.