Lightning And The Space Program
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Lightning And The Space Program
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Lightning And The Space Program written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Aeronautics categories.
Lightning And The Space Program
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Battery Reconditioning
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date :
Lightning And The Space Program written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with Atmospherics categories.
Mesoscale Observations Of Lightning From Space Shuttle
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1984
Mesoscale Observations Of Lightning From Space Shuttle written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1984 with Lightning categories.
Mesoscale Observations Of Lightning From Space Shuttle
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Author : B. Vonnegut
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1984
Mesoscale Observations Of Lightning From Space Shuttle written by B. Vonnegut and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1984 with Lightning categories.
A History Of The Lightning Launch Commit Criteria And The Lightning Advisory Panel For America S Space Program
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Author : National Aeronautics and Administration
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014-09-21
A History Of The Lightning Launch Commit Criteria And The Lightning Advisory Panel For America S Space Program written by National Aeronautics and Administration and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-09-21 with categories.
Since natural and artificially-initiated (or 'triggered') lightning are demonstrated hazards to the launch of space vehicles, the American space program has responded by establishing a set of Lightning Launch Commit Criteria (LLCC) and Definitions to mitigate the risk. The LLCC apply to all Federal Government ranges and have been adopted by the Federal Aviation Administration for application at state-operated and private spaceports. The LLCC and their associated definitions have been developed, reviewed, and approved over the years of the American space program starting from relatively simple rules in the mid-twentieth century (that were not adequate) to a complex suite for launch operations in the early 21st century. During this evolutionary process, a "Lightning Advisory Panel (LAP)" of top American scientists in the field of atmospheric electricity was established to guide it. This history document provides a context for and explanation of the evolution of the LLCC and the LAP. A companion document on the rationale is currently being prepared by the LAP to provide the physical, mathematical, and operational justification for the current LLCC. Lightning that takes place naturally in thunderstorms was recognized as a threat to spaceflight early in the space age, and the early launch rules prohibited flight through thunderstorms. What had not been recognized until Apollo XII was launched in 1969 was that an ascending rocket could "trigger" lightning if it flew into highly electrified clouds, even in the absence of natural lightning. Apollo XII was struck twice by triggered lightning, and as a result, additional rules were added to forbid flying within 5 NM of thunderstorms or through certain non-thunderstorm clouds that experience showed had the potential of being electrified. During the time between Apollo XII and the beginning of the Space Shuttle Program, several important research programs were carried out to learn more about lightning and cloud electricity in Florida, and additional instrumentation was installed at the KSC and Eastern Range (ER). The LLCC were modified for the Skylab program in 1973 and again for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975. Expendable launch vehicles (ELV) had their own separate but similar rules. In 1979 the nascent Shuttle program adopted a set of LLCC that included constraints and waivers that were based on surface electric field mill measurements. The ELV rules did not adopt the field mill criteria. In 1987, triggered lightning caused the loss of Atlas/Centaur 67 (AC 67) and its Fleetsatcom payload. A major cause of this accident was the failure of the ELV rules to include a field mill criterion. The Shuttle rules would have prohibited the launch of AC 67. In the aftermath of several investigations and a Congressional Hearing, a lightning "Peer Review Committee," a predecessor of the LAP, was established to guide NASA and the Air Force in the drafting of LLCC and the conduct of associated research. Several major research projects were undertaken, including the first "Airborne Field Mill Program" (ABFM I, 1990-1992) in which direct measurements of electric fields in Florida clouds were made from a specially instrumented aircraft. ABFM I resulted in several improvements to the LLCC, and the lessons learned ultimately led to an even more successful ABFM II campaign a decade later. As new knowledge and additional operational experience has been gained, the LLCC have been updated to preserve or increase their safety and increase launch availability. All launches of ELV and manned vehicles now use the same rules, which simplifies their understanding and application and minimizes the cost of the weather infrastructure to support them. In the future, the processes and procedures that have evolved can be used to facilitate further improvements in both launch availability and safety as new research findings become available.
Nasa Facts Lightning And The Space Program Fs 2004 02 002 Ksc February 2004
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004*
Nasa Facts Lightning And The Space Program Fs 2004 02 002 Ksc February 2004 written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004* with categories.
Analysis And Assessment Of Peak Lightning Current Probabilities At The Nasa Kennedy Space Center
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Author : National Aeronautics and Space Adm Nasa
language : en
Publisher: Independently Published
Release Date : 2018-09-18
Analysis And Assessment Of Peak Lightning Current Probabilities At The Nasa Kennedy Space Center written by National Aeronautics and Space Adm Nasa and has been published by Independently Published this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-09-18 with Science categories.
This technical memorandum presents a summary by the Electromagnetics and Aerospace Environments Branch at the Marshall Space Flight Center of lightning characteristics and lightning criteria for the protection of aerospace vehicles. Probability estimates are included for certain lightning strikes (peak currents of 200, 100, and 50 kA) applicable to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Space Shuttle at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, during rollout, on-pad, and boost/launch phases. Results of an extensive literature search to compile information on this subject are presented in order to answer key questions posed by the Space Shuttle Program Office at the Johnson Space Center concerning peak lightning current probabilities if a vehicle is hit by a lightning cloud-to-ground stroke. Vehicle-triggered lightning probability estimates for the aforementioned peak currents are still being worked. Section 4.5, however, does provide some insight on estimating these same peaks.Johnson, D. L. and Vaughan, W. W.Marshall Space Flight CenterLIGHTNING; ELECTRICITY; PROBABILITY THEORY; NASA PROGRAMS; SPACE SHUTTLES; AEROSPACE VEHICLES; LAUNCHING BASES
In The Hot Seat Sts 115 Lightning Strike Stand Down Debate Nasa Case Study
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Author : National Aeronautics and Space Adm Nasa
language : en
Publisher: Independently Published
Release Date : 2019-01-23
In The Hot Seat Sts 115 Lightning Strike Stand Down Debate Nasa Case Study written by National Aeronautics and Space Adm Nasa and has been published by Independently Published this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-01-23 with Science categories.
There is no way the PIC's could have seen any current' was the gist of Mike Griffin's assessment. Griffin was the NASA Administrator at the time. The buck stopped at his desk. Holding a napkin out to Pat Lampton, Griffin showed Lampton the calculations he'd made over dinner that predicted that the Pyrotechnic Initiator Controllers (PIC's) at the base of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) were fine. A lightning strike the day before, the worst ever experienced with a Space Shuttle on the launch pad, caused a halt to the launch count down as technicians, engineers, and managers scrambled identify any damage to the launch system. SRB technicians and engineers assessed the data against their Lightning Strike Re-Test Requirements, determining that all but one of the requirements could be checked if they resumed the countdown. For the one remaining requirement, testing the integrity of the PIC's would require 96 hours to set up, test, and reassemble. The engineers were convinced that there was no way to do calculations to show the PIC's were okay. The only option was to stand down. It was SRB Deputy Project Manager (PM) Pat Lampton's responsibility to decide what the SRB project position needed to be to certify that their hardware was safe to fly. He had to communicate that decision to the Mission Management Team (MMT) as a Go or No Go position to resume the count down. If the answer was Go they could still meet a delayed, but acceptable launch schedule. If the answer was No Go, rescheduling the launch would be a grueling shuffling of hardware, personnel, and mission timelines to accommodate Russian missions to the Space Station, supplies for the launch, and personnel manning launch operations. On top of that, Hurricane Ernesto was spinning off the coast of Florida, threatening the need for the Shuttle to roll back to the hangar if they waited too long. Kummer, Lizette and Stevens, Jennifer Marshall Space Flight Center MSFC-CS1008-1, M17-6063
Lightning Threat Analysis For The Space Shuttle Launch Pad And The Payload Changeout Room Using Finite Difference Methods
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
Lightning Threat Analysis For The Space Shuttle Launch Pad And The Payload Changeout Room Using Finite Difference Methods written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with categories.
Lightning Threat Analysis For The Space Shuttle Launch Pad And The Payload Changeout Room Using Finite Difference Methods
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Author : National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2018-07-08
Lightning Threat Analysis For The Space Shuttle Launch Pad And The Payload Changeout Room Using Finite Difference Methods written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-07-08 with categories.
This report describes finite difference computer calculations for the Space Shuttle Launch Pad which predict lightning induced electric currents and electric and magnetic fields caused by a lightning strike to the Lightning Protection System caternary wire. Description of possible lightning threats to Shuttle Payload components together with specifications for protection of these components, result from the calculation of lightning induced electric and magnetic fields inside and outside the during a lightning event. These fields also induce currents and voltages on cables and circuits which may be connected to, or a part of, shuttle payload components. These currents and voltages are also calculated. These threat levels are intended as a guide for designers of payload equipment to specify any shielding and/or lightning protection mitigation which may be required for payload components which are in the process of preparation or being transferred into the Shuttle Orbiter. Collier, Richard S. Kennedy Space Center...