Male Incarceration And Female Labor Market Outcomes
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Male Incarceration And Female Labor Market Outcomes
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Author : Terry-Ann Craigie
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Male Incarceration And Female Labor Market Outcomes written by Terry-Ann Craigie and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
The prevalence of male incarceration in the United States has important unintended consequences for women. Two early studies find positive external effects of male incarceration on female labor market outcomes in general. However, we know very little about the labor market outcomes of women directly affected by male incarceration. This study evaluates how female labor market outcomes change when a male partner is currently incarcerated. It finds substantial and robust evidence that a male partner's current incarceration lowers female weekly earnings at extensive and intensive margins, while raising female unemployment odds at the extensive margin. These negative consequences on female labor market outcomes warrant further policy attention.
Short And Long Term Influences Of Education Health Indicators And Crime On Labor Market Outcomes Five Essays In Empirical Labor Economics
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Author : Elisabeth Lång
language : en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date : 2017-09-11
Short And Long Term Influences Of Education Health Indicators And Crime On Labor Market Outcomes Five Essays In Empirical Labor Economics written by Elisabeth Lång and has been published by Linköping University Electronic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-09-11 with categories.
The objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of how several individual characteristics, namely education (years of schooling), health indicators (height, weight, smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise), criminal behavior, and crime victimization, influence labor market outcomes in the short and long run. The first part of the thesis consists of three studies in which I adopt a within-twin-pair difference approach to analyze how education, health indicators, and earnings are associated with each other over the life cycle. The second part of the thesis includes two studies in which I use field experiments in order to test the employability of exoffenders and crime victims. The first essay, Learning for life?, describes an analysis of the education premium in earnings and health-related behaviors throughout adulthood among twins. The results show that the education premium in earnings, net of genetic inheritance, is rather small over the life cycle but increases with the level of education. The results also show that the education premium in health-related behaviors is mainly concentrated on smoking habits. The influences of education on earnings and health-related behaviors seem to work independently of each other, and there are no signs that health-related behaviors influence the education premium in earnings or vice versa. The second essay, Blowing up money?, details an analysis of the association between smoking and earnings in two different historical social contexts in Sweden: the 1970s and the 2000s. I also consider possible differences in this association in the short and long run as well as between the sexes. The results show that the earnings penalty for smoking is much stronger in the 2000s as compared to the 1970s (for both sexes) and that it is larger in the long run as compared to the short run (for men). The third essay, Two by two, inch by inch, describes an analysis of the height premium among Swedish twins. The results show that the height premium is relatively constant over the life cycle and that it is larger below median height for men and above median height for young women. The estimates are similar for monozygotic and dizygotic twins, indicating that environmentally and genetically induced height differences are similarly associated with earnings over the life cycle. The fourth essay, The employability of ex-offenders, published in IZA Journal of Labor Policy (2017), 6:6, details an analysis of whether male and female exoffenders are discriminated against when applying for jobs in the Swedish labor market. The results show that employers do discriminate against exoffenders but that the degree of discrimination varies across occupations. Discrimination against ex-offenders is pronounced in female-dominated and high-skilled occupations. The magnitude of discrimination against exoffenders does not vary by applicants’ sex. The fifth essay, Victimized twice?, describes an analysis of whether male and female crime victims are discriminated against when applying for jobs in the Swedish labor market. This study is the first to consider potential hiring discrimination against crime victims. The results show that employers do discriminate against crime victims. The discrimination varies with the sex of the crime victim and occupational characteristics and is concentrated among high-skilled jobs for female crime victims and among femaledominated jobs for male crime victims.
The Effect Of Private Sector Work Opportunities In Prison On Labor Market Outcomes Of The Formerly Incarcerated
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Author : Robynn Cox
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
The Effect Of Private Sector Work Opportunities In Prison On Labor Market Outcomes Of The Formerly Incarcerated written by Robynn Cox and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
This paper examines the effects of a private sector prison work program called the Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program (PIECP) on unemployment duration, length of formal employment, and earnings of men and women released from various state prisons between 1996 and 2001. The labor market dynamics of formerly incarcerated men and women are also investigated. The program is found to increase reported earnings and formal employment on the extensive margin, with a stronger impact on the formal employment of women. There is little evidence that it increases formal employment along the intensive margin (i.e., duration of formal employment). Contrary to segmented labor market theories, superior employment (i.e., higher paying jobs) do not lead to increased job stability. Roughly 92% of those that obtain formal employment in the sample experience job loss; however, reincarceration rates are too low to explain this fact. An evaluation of labor market dynamics reveals that traditional human capital variables, criminogenic factors, and a few demographic characteristics determine job loss. In addition, black women, single women, and women with more extensive criminal histories face greater barriers on the labor market than their male counterparts.
Studies Of Labor Market Intermediation
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Author : David H. Autor
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 2009-12-01
Studies Of Labor Market Intermediation written by David H. Autor and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-12-01 with Business & Economics categories.
From the traditional craft hiring hall to the Web site Monster.com, a multitude of institutions exist to facilitate the matching of workers with firms. The diversity of such Labor Market Intermediaries (LMIs) encompasses criminal records providers, public employment offices, labor unions, temporary help agencies, and centralized medical residency matches. Studies of Labor Market Intermediation analyzes how these third-party actors intercede where workers and firms meet, thereby aiding, impeding, and, in some cases, exploiting the matching process. By building a conceptual foundation for analyzing the roles that these understudied economic actors serve in the labor market, this volume develops both a qualitative and quantitative sense of their significance to market operation and worker welfare. Cross-national in scope, Studies of Labor Market Intermediation is distinctive in coalescing research on a set of market institutions that are typically treated as isolated entities, thus setting a research agenda for analyzing the changing shape of employment in an era of rapid globalization and technological change.
Essays On Family Economics
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Author : Sitian Liu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Essays On Family Economics written by Sitian Liu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
This dissertation studies the problems in family economics that arise from interactions between policies and the economic decisions of families. The first two chapters focus on the effects of tough-on-crime policies and resulting mass incarceration on black families. Since the early 1970s, the United States has experienced a dramatic surge in imprisonment, especially of African American men. Chapter 1, "Incarceration of African American Men and the Impacts on Women and Children, " investigates the causal effects of black male incarceration on black women's marriage and labor market outcomes, as well as its effects on black children's family structure, long-run educational outcomes, and income. To establish causality, I exploit plausibly exogenous changes in sentencing policies across states and over years and construct a simulated instrumental variable for the incarceration rate, using offender-level data on the universe of prisoners admitted to and released from prisons between 1986 and 2009. The instrument characterizes how sentencing policies affect incarceration at both the extensive margin (i.e., whether to incarcerate an arrestee) and the intensive margin (i.e., how long to imprison an inmate). First, I find that high incarceration rates of black men negatively affect black women's marriage outcomes, although they increase the likelihood of employment for those with higher education levels. Second, higher black male incarceration rates hurt black children by increasing the likelihood of out-of-wedlock birth and living in a mother-only family and decreasing the likelihood of having some college education in the long run. Moreover, for individuals who lived in areas with harsher sentencing policies during childhood, the black-white income gap is wider for men conditional on parental income. Third, black men at either the extensive or intensive margin of incarceration have different impacts on women and children. The results suggest the consequences of tough-on-crime policies for inequality and racial gaps, which could be taken into account when reforming sentencing policies. Chapter 2, "Mass Incarceration and Stopped Convergence in Black-White Educational Attainment, " delves further into the association between incarceration and education. In the United States, the educational achievement of blacks has lagged significantly behind that of whites. Between the 1960s and the mid-1980s, the black-white gap in educational attainment continued to narrow. Nevertheless, the trend toward convergence stopped in the late 1980s, when the gap began to widen again. This chapter studies how mass incarceration plays a role in stalling the process of black-white educational convergence. Employing the simulated instrumental variable constructed in Chapter 1, I find that higher incarceration rates of black men in the metropolitan areas where black children lived in adolescence lower their probability of completing high school, and in particular for black males. Moreover, my results suggest that the effect is mostly driven by higher risks of incarceration at the extensive margin (i.e., higher risks of imprisonment conditional on arrest, not longer time expected to serve in prison conditional on incarceration). The first two chapters are devoted to sentencing laws, incarceration, and their impacts on black families. In Chapter 3, "Divorce Laws and Assortative Matching in the Marriage Market, " I turn to an economic aspect of family law in the marriage market. In the 1970s, many states in the U.S. introduced unilateral divorce laws, which allow one spouse to terminate the marriage without the consent of the other spouse. There has also been an increasing prevalence of positive assortative matching in the marriage market since the 1960s. This chapter investigates whether the introduction of unilateral divorce laws contributed to the higher levels of assortative matching in the marriage market and the heterogeneous effects across states with different marital property division systems. I use a difference-in-differences strategy to compare the correlation of spouses' premarital income between newlyweds in states that introduced unilateral divorce laws and those in states that did not introduce unilateral divorce laws in the 1970s. In particular, I use the synthetic control method to construct a control group that includes states that never introduced unilateral divorce before 1980 for each treatment state (i.e., a state that introduced unilateral divorce between 1970 and 1980), so that the trends in the correlation of spouses' premarital income are similar for the treatment and the synthetic control states before the introduction of unilateral divorce. I find that on average, the introduction of unilateral divorce increases the correlation of spouses' premarital income by 11.2%. A state-by-state analysis reveals that results are mixed for states that divide marital property according to the legal title of the property upon divorce. Nevertheless, for states that divide marital property equally upon divorce, I find that the introduction of unilateral divorce increases assortative matching in the marriage market, with an average effect of 25.6%.
The Growth Of Incarceration In The United States
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Author : Committee on Causes and Consequences of High Rates of Incarceration
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2014-12-31
The Growth Of Incarceration In The United States written by Committee on Causes and Consequences of High Rates of Incarceration and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-12-31 with Law categories.
After decades of stability from the 1920s to the early 1970s, the rate of imprisonment in the United States has increased fivefold during the last four decades. The U.S. penal population of 2.2 million adults is by far the largest in the world. Just under one-quarter of the world's prisoners are held in American prisons. The U.S. rate of incarceration, with nearly 1 out of every 100 adults in prison or jail, is 5 to 10 times higher than the rates in Western Europe and other democracies. The U.S. prison population is largely drawn from the most disadvantaged part of the nation's population: mostly men under age 40, disproportionately minority, and poorly educated. Prisoners often carry additional deficits of drug and alcohol addictions, mental and physical illnesses, and lack of work preparation or experience. The growth of incarceration in the United States during four decades has prompted numerous critiques and a growing body of scientific knowledge about what prompted the rise and what its consequences have been for the people imprisoned, their families and communities, and for U.S. society. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States examines research and analysis of the dramatic rise of incarceration rates and its affects. This study makes the case that the United States has gone far past the point where the numbers of people in prison can be justified by social benefits and has reached a level where these high rates of incarceration themselves constitute a source of injustice and social harm. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States examines policy changes that created an increasingly punitive political climate and offers specific policy advice in sentencing policy, prison policy, and social policy. The report also identifies important research questions that must be answered to provide a firmer basis for policy. This report is a call for change in the way society views criminals, punishment, and prison. This landmark study assesses the evidence and its implications for public policy to inform an extensive and thoughtful public debate about and reconsideration of policies.
Health And Incarceration
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2013-08-08
Health And Incarceration written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-08-08 with Law categories.
Over the past four decades, the rate of incarceration in the United States has skyrocketed to unprecedented heights, both historically and in comparison to that of other developed nations. At far higher rates than the general population, those in or entering U.S. jails and prisons are prone to many health problems. This is a problem not just for them, but also for the communities from which they come and to which, in nearly all cases, they will return. Health and Incarceration is the summary of a workshop jointly sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences(NAS) Committee on Law and Justice and the Institute of Medicine(IOM) Board on Health and Select Populations in December 2012. Academics, practitioners, state officials, and nongovernmental organization representatives from the fields of healthcare, prisoner advocacy, and corrections reviewed what is known about these health issues and what appear to be the best opportunities to improve healthcare for those who are now or will be incarcerated. The workshop was designed as a roundtable with brief presentations from 16 experts and time for group discussion. Health and Incarceration reviews what is known about the health of incarcerated individuals, the healthcare they receive, and effects of incarceration on public health. This report identifies opportunities to improve healthcare for these populations and provides a platform for visions of how the world of incarceration health can be a better place.
Marked
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Author : Devah Pager
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 2008-09-15
Marked written by Devah Pager and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-09-15 with Social Science categories.
Nearly every job application asks it: have you ever been convicted of a crime? For the hundreds of thousands of young men leaving American prisons each year, their answer to that question may determine whether they can find work and begin rebuilding their lives. The product of an innovative field experiment, Marked gives us our first real glimpse into the tremendous difficulties facing ex-offenders in the job market. Devah Pager matched up pairs of young men, randomly assigned them criminal records, then sent them on hundreds of real job searches throughout the city of Milwaukee. Her applicants were attractive, articulate, and capable—yet ex-offenders received less than half the callbacks of the equally qualified applicants without criminal backgrounds. Young black men, meanwhile, paid a particularly high price: those with clean records fared no better in their job searches than white men just out of prison. Such shocking barriers to legitimate work, Pager contends, are an important reason that many ex-prisoners soon find themselves back in the realm of poverty, underground employment, and crime that led them to prison in the first place. “Using scholarly research, field research in Milwaukee, and graphics, [Pager] shows that ex-offenders, white or black, stand a very poor chance of getting a legitimate job. . . . Both informative and convincing.”—Library Journal “Marked is that rare book: a penetrating text that rings with moral concern couched in vivid prose—and one of the most useful sociological studies in years.”—Michael Eric Dyson
Studies Of Labor Market Intermediation
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Author : David H. Autor
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 2009-12-15
Studies Of Labor Market Intermediation written by David H. Autor and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-12-15 with Business & Economics categories.
From the traditional craft hiring hall to the Web site Monster.com, a multitude of institutions exist to facilitate the matching of workers with firms. The diversity of such Labor Market Intermediaries (LMIs) encompasses criminal records providers, public employment offices, labor unions, temporary help agencies, and centralized medical residency matches. Studies of Labor Market Intermediation analyzes how these third-party actors intercede where workers and firms meet, thereby aiding, impeding, and, in some cases, exploiting the matching process. By building a conceptual foundation for analyzing the roles that these understudied economic actors serve in the labor market, this volume develops both a qualitative and quantitative sense of their significance to market operation and worker welfare. Cross-national in scope, Studies of Labor Market Intermediation is distinctive in coalescing research on a set of market institutions that are typically treated as isolated entities, thus setting a research agenda for analyzing the changing shape of employment in an era of rapid globalization and technological change.
Social Advantage And Disadvantage
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Author : Hartley Dean
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2016
Social Advantage And Disadvantage written by Hartley Dean and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with History categories.
Through the overarching lens of the concepts of social advantage and disadvantage, this new and original edited volume - with contributions by 14 distinguished authors - provides an overview of a variety of conceptual frameworks and a spectrum of social inequalities, processes and divisions. It discusses poverty, social exclusion, capability deprivation, rights violations, social immobility, and human or social capital deficiency. From a global, European and UKperspective, it addresses the origins and effects of advantage and disadvantage in relation to family and childhood, education, work, and old age and the implications of divisions based on gender,'race', ethnicity, migration, religion, neighbourhood, and the experience of crime.