Means Of Liberalization And Beyond
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Means Of Liberalization And Beyond
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Author : Ruosi Zhang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Means Of Liberalization And Beyond written by Ruosi Zhang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
The scheduling approach constitutes a key element of services trade agreements as it is the means to pursue liberalization. This paper provides an overview of the scheduling approaches adopted in 187 trade agreements notified under GATS Article V as of 30 April 2022, analyses the differences between the positive and negative list approaches, and discusses their implications for negotiation strategies and trade policies. Theoretically, both positive and negative list approaches can achieve high level of liberalization as long as governments are willing to open market. We however note in this paper that the scheduling approach is not a stand-alone technique. Rather, it is associated with the design and legal structure of a services trade agreement as well as different core obligations. In addition, establishing a positive or a negative list usually entails different negotiation dynamics and internal consultation processes. With FTAs as important trade policy instruments fast evolving and deepening, governments are becoming more flexible and more "innovative" in their use of scheduling approaches, including creating different hybrid patterns to accommodate their sensitivities in certain sectors, supplementing the positive list with a standstill requirement, or allowing transition from the positive list to the negative list. Governments' practices in FTAs would be inspiring for future services trade negotiations, be it bilateral, plurilateral, or multilateral.
Limits To Liberalization
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Author : Patricia M. Goff
language : en
Publisher: Cornell University Press
Release Date : 2007
Limits To Liberalization written by Patricia M. Goff and has been published by Cornell University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Business & Economics categories.
The so-called culture industries--film, television and radio broadcasting, periodical and book publishing, video and sound recording--are noteworthy exceptions to the rhetorical commitment of Western countries to free trade as a major goal. These exceptions threatened to derail such high-profile negotiations as NAFTA and its predecessor, the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement, as well as the Uruguay Round of the GATT. Conventional wisdom did not foresee trouble from this source, because these established industries are not commercial national champions, nor are they particularly large providers of jobs. As Patricia M. Goff shows, the standard trade literature considers the monetary value but doesn't recognize the symbolic importance of cultural production. In Limits to Liberalization, she traces the interplay between the commercial and the cultural. Governments that want to expand free trade may simultaneously resist liberalization in the culture industries (and elsewhere, including agriculture and health care). Goff traces the rationale for "cultural protectionism" in the trade policies of Canada, France, and the European Union. The result is a larger understanding of the forces that shape international trade agreements and a book that speaks to current theoretical concerns about national identity as it plays out in politics and international relations.
Negotiating Free Trade Agreements
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Author : Walter Goode
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Negotiating Free Trade Agreements written by Walter Goode and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Australia categories.
Domestic Regulation And Service Trade Liberalization
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Author : Pierre Sauve
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2003-08-29
Domestic Regulation And Service Trade Liberalization written by Pierre Sauve and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-08-29 with Political Science categories.
Trade in services, far more than trade in goods, is affected by a variety of domestic regulations, ranging from qualification and licensing requirements in professional services to pro-competitive regulation in telecommunications services. Experience shows that the quality of regulation strongly influences the consequences of trade liberalization. WTO members have agreed that a central task in the ongoing services negotiations will be to develop a set of rules to ensure that domestic regulations support rather than impede trade liberalization. Since these rules are bound to have a profound impact on the evolution of policy, particularly in developing countries, it is important that they be conducive to economically rational policy-making. This book addresses two central questions: What impact can international trade rules on services have on the exercise of domestic regulatory sovereignty? And how can services negotiations be harnessed to promote and consolidate domestic policy reform across highly diverse sectors? The book, with contributions from several of the world's leading experts in the field, explores a range of rule-making challenges arising at this policy interface, in areas such as transparency, standards and the adoption of a necessity test for services trade. Contributions also provide an in-depth look at these issues in the key areas of accountancy, energy, finance, health, telecommunications and transportation services.
Liberalization Challenges In Hungary
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Author : U. Korkut
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2012-06-18
Liberalization Challenges In Hungary written by U. Korkut and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-06-18 with Political Science categories.
In Hungary, as in all of "new Europe," liberalization is troubled. Using Hungary as an in-depth case study, Korkut demonstrates that, in squandering popular goodwill, credibility, and favorable circumstances after 1989, liberal politicians have found themselves vulnerable to conservative populist politics and the global economic crisis.
Agricultural Markets Beyond Liberalization
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Author : Aad van Tilburg
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Agricultural Markets Beyond Liberalization written by Aad van Tilburg and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Agricultural markets have entered a long-term process of liberalization, with the aim of reducing imposed market imperfections such as monopolistic public trade, entry barriers and subsidies. The experience of more than a decade of agriculture liberalization offers a good opportunity to review and analyze the outcome of this process and to draw lessons for the future. The central topic in Agricultural Markets Beyond Liberalization is the relationship between market structure and how markets perform in a dynamic context during a liberalization process. The topic is studied from both a micro and macro viewpoint and refers to different types of agricultural markets. This volume brings together the dynamics of agricultural markets in several parts of the world, with a special focus on transition economics and Africa. The different studies cover geographical areas as wide as a district as well as a group of countries, and institutions from individual contracts to multi-national organizations. The analysis of liberalization under different circumstances, and the different methods of analysis used by the authors provide a valuable foundation for the assessment of liberalization.
Economic Liberalization
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Author : Tariq Banuri
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 1991
Economic Liberalization written by Tariq Banuri and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Business & Economics categories.
Written by leading economists, the papers in this collection examine the different effects of trade and financial liberalization on the economic performance of Latin America and Asia. In the face of a deepening economic crisis in Latin America, the contributors examine the assumptions and dangers of indiscriminate economic liberalization policies which disregard the institutional arrangements or historical background of a country in the interests of narrower, more technical criteria such as speed of policy implementation. Addressing policy, conflict management, Asian and Latin American economies, and labor market institutions in Asia and Latin America, this study is an important contribution to the debate on trade and financial liberalization.
One Currency Two Markets
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Author : Edwin L.-C. Lai
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2021-07-08
One Currency Two Markets written by Edwin L.-C. Lai and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-07-08 with Business & Economics categories.
Economic analysis of the future of the international monetary system and the USD, and the rising importance of the RMB.
Regionalism Versus Multilateralism
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Author : L. Alan Winters
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 1999
Regionalism Versus Multilateralism written by L. Alan Winters and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with categories.
November 1996 Do the forces that regional integration arrangements set up encourage or discourage a trend toward globally freer trade? We don't know yet. The literature on regionalism versus multilateralism is growing as economists and political scientists grapple with the question of whether regional integration arrangements are good or bad for the multilateral system. Are regional integration arrangements building blocks or stumbling blocks, in Jagdish Bhagwati's phrase, or stepping stones toward multilateralism? As economists worry about the ability of the World Trade Organization to maintain the GATT's unsteady yet distinct momentum toward liberalism, and as they contemplate the emergence of world-scale regional integration arrangements (the EU, NAFTA, FTAA, APEC, and, possibly, TAFTA), the question has never been more pressing. Winters switches the focus from the immediate consequences of regionalism for the economic welfare of the integrating partners to the question of whether it sets up forces that encourage or discourage evolution toward globally freer trade. The answer is, We don't know yet. One can build models that suggest either conclusion, but these models are still so abstract that they should be viewed as parables rather than sources of testable predictions. Winters offers conclusions about research strategy as well as about the world we live in. Among the conclusions he reaches: * Since we value multilateralism, we had better work out what it means and, if it means different things to different people, make sure to identify the sense in which we are using the term. * Sector-specific lobbies are a danger if regionalism is permitted because they tend to stop blocs from moving all the way to global free trade. In the presence of lobbies, trade diversion is good politics even if it is bad economics. * Regionalism's direct effect on multilateralism is important, but possibly more so is the indirect effect it has by changing the ways in which groups of countries interact and respond to shocks in the world economy. * Regionalism, by allowing stronger internalization of the gains from trade liberalization, seems likely to facilitate freer trade when it is initially highly restricted. * The possibility of regionalism probably increases the risks of catastrophe in the trading system. The insurance incentives for joining regional arrangements and the existence of shiftable externalities both lead to such a conclusion. So too does the view that regionalism is a means to bring trade partners to the multilateral negotiating table because it is essentially coercive. Using regionalism for this purpose may have been an effective strategy, but it is also risky. This paper - a product of the International Trade Division, International Economics Department - was prepared for a conference on regional integration sponsored by the Centre for Economic Policy Research, La Coru-a, Spain, April 26-27, 1996, and will appear in the conference proceedings.
Mega Regional Trade Agreements
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Author : Thilo Rensmann
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-07-20
Mega Regional Trade Agreements written by Thilo Rensmann and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-20 with Law categories.
This book provides an in-depth analysis of "Mega-Regionals", the new generation of trans-regional free-trade agreements (FTAs) currently under negotiation, and their effect on the future of international economic law. The main focus centres on the EU-US Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), but the findings are also applicable to similar agreements under negotiation, such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP).The specific features of Mega-Regional Trade Agreements raise a number of issues with respect to their potential effect on the current system of international trade and investment law. These include the consequences of Mega-Regionals for the most-favoured-nation (MFN) principle, their relation to the multilateral system of the World Trade Organization (WTO), their democratic legitimacy and their interaction with existing bilateral investment treaties (BITs).The book is intended for academics and practitioners working in the field of international economic law.