Mechanisms Of Target Selection And Feature Binding In Visual Object Recognition
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Mechanisms Of Target Selection And Feature Binding In Visual Object Recognition
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Author : Bernd Schönwälder
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Mechanisms Of Target Selection And Feature Binding In Visual Object Recognition written by Bernd Schönwälder and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
It has become common knowledge that if there is a unifying principle that enables the human brain to realize its tremendous capabilities, then it is its highly parallel organisation of underlying processes. However, the mystery of integration of all these distributed processes into the single, coherent consciousness that we experience, also referred to as the "binding problem", is still one of the most controversial research topics in modern cognitive neuroscience. This thesis aims to contribute methodological as well empirical advances to the understanding of general, formalised properties of different types of integration mechanisms for visual featural information, which are supposed to be involvedin early as well as in late processing stages of the visual system. It focuses on developing mathematical methods that employ behavioural reaction time data to differentiate between different implementation variants of integrational mechanisms. These methods are developed with respect to their application in the visual search paradigm. A modified version of the visual search paradigm, which involves feature change asynchronies to temporally separate featural manipulations in the presentation of stimuli, is applied to investigate into current research topics of pre-attentive feature integration. In a series of experiments recent findings about the temporal organization of feature integration and binding processes are addressed. In the focus of this experimental investigation is the question in how far differences in processing delays between dimension-specific featural information, like color, motion or orientation information, can account for temporal misbindings as has been recently reported in the literature.
Mechanisms Of Visual Attention
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Author : Werner X. Schneider
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 1998
Mechanisms Of Visual Attention written by Werner X. Schneider and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Psychology categories.
In order to produce coherent behaviour in a complex world, forms of visual attention are necessary in order for us to select appropriate objects for action. Over the past ten years, there have been considerable advances in research into visual attention, with many of these advances linked to interdisciplinary research in experimental psychology, neuropsychology, neurophysiology and functional imaging. This work has begun to allow us to understand not only the functional properties of visual attention, but also how attentional processes are localized in the brain: the cognitive neuroscience of visual attention. This special issue draws together research from leading figures in this field, to highlight recent progress in understanding how selective processes operate in perception and action.
The Neural Mechanisms Underlying Visual Target Search
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Author : Marino Pagan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
The Neural Mechanisms Underlying Visual Target Search written by Marino Pagan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
The task of finding specific objects and switching between targets is ubiquitous in everyday life. Searching for a particular object requires our brains to activate and maintain a representation of the target (working memory), identify each encountered object (object recognition), and determine whether the currently viewed object matches the sought target (decision making). The comparison of working memory and visual information is thought to happen via feedback of target information from higher-order brain areas to the ventral visual pathway. However, what is exactly represented by these areas and how do they implement this comparison still remains unknown. To investigate these questions, we employed a combined approach involving electrophysiology experiments and computational modeling. In particular, we recorded neural responses in inferotemporal (IT) and perirhinal (PRH) cortex as monkeys performed a visual target search task, and we adopted population-based read-outs to measure the amount and format of information contained in these neural populations. In Chapter 2 we report that the total amount of target match information was matched in IT and PRH, but this information was contained in a more "explicit" (i.e. linearly separable) format in PRH. These results suggest that PRH implements an "untangling" computation to reformat its inputs from IT. Consistent with this hypothesis, a simple linear-nonlinear model was sufficient to capture the transformation between the two areas. In Chapter 3, we report that the untangling computation in PRH takes time to evolve. While this type of dynamic reformatting is normally attributed to complex recurrent circuits, here we demonstrated that this phenomenon could be accounted by the same instantaneous linear-nonlinear model presented in Chapter 2. This counterintuitive finding was due to the existence of non-stationarities in the IT neural representation. Finally, in Chapter 4 we completely describe a novel set of methods that we developed and applied in Chapters 2 and 3 to quantify the task-specific signals contained in the heterogeneous neural responses in IT and PRH, and to relate these signals to measures of task performance. Together, this body of work revealed a previously unknown untangling computation in PRH during visual search, and demonstrated that a feed-forward linear-nonlinear model is sufficient to describe this computation.
Object Recognition Attention And Action
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Author : Naoyuki Osaka
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2009-03-12
Object Recognition Attention And Action written by Naoyuki Osaka and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-03-12 with Medical categories.
Human object recognition is a classical topic both for philosophy and for the natural sciences. Ultimately, understanding of object recognition will be promoted by the cooperation of behavioral research, neurophysiology, and computation. This original book provides an excellent introduction to the issues that are involved. It contains chapters that address the ways in which humans and machines attend to, recognize, and act toward objects in the visual environment.
Object Recognition In Man Monkey And Machine
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Author : Michael J. Tarr
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 1999-03-15
Object Recognition In Man Monkey And Machine written by Michael J. Tarr and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-03-15 with Psychology categories.
The contributors bring a wide range of methodologies to bear on the common problem of image-based object recognition. These interconnected essays on three-dimensional visual object recognition present cutting-edge research by some of the most creative neuroscientific, cognitive, and computational scientists in the field. Cassandra Moore and Patrick Cavanagh take a classic demonstration, the perception of "two-tone" images, and turn it into a method for understanding the nature of object representations in terms of surfaces and the interaction between bottom-up and top-down processes. Michael J. Tarr and Isabel Gauthier use computer graphics to study whether viewpoint-dependent recognition mechanisms can generalize between exemplars of perceptually defined classes. Melvyn A. Goodale and G. Keith Humphrey use innovative psychophysical techniques to investigate dissociable aspects of visual and spatial processing in brain-injured subjects. D.I. Perrett, M.W. Oram, and E. Ashbridge combine neurophysiological single-cell data from monkeys with computational analyses for a new way of thinking about the mechanisms that mediate viewpoint-dependent object recognition and mental rotation. Shimon Ullman also addresses possible mechanisms to account for viewpoint-dependent behavior, but from the perspective of machine vision. Finally, Philippe G. Schyns synthesizes work from many areas, to provide a coherent account of how stimulus class and recognition task interact. The contributors bring a wide range of methodologies to bear on the common problem of image-based object recognition.
Vocus A Visual Attention System For Object Detection And Goal Directed Search
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Author : Simone Frintrop
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2006-03-28
Vocus A Visual Attention System For Object Detection And Goal Directed Search written by Simone Frintrop and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-03-28 with Computers categories.
This monograph presents a complete computational system for visual attention and object detection. VOCUS (Visual Object detection with a Computational attention System) represents a major step forward on integrating data-driven and model-driven information into a single framework. Additionally, the volume contains an extensive review of the literature on visual attention, detailed evaluations of VOCUS in different settings, and applications of the system.
Perceptual Expertise
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Author : Isabel Gauthier
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2009-12-03
Perceptual Expertise written by Isabel Gauthier and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-12-03 with Psychology categories.
This book presents a comprehensive survey of perceptual expertise in visual object recognition, and introduces a novel collaborative model, codified as the "Perceptual Expertise Network" (PEN). This unique group effort is focused on delineating the domain-general principles of high-level visual learning that can account for how different object categories are processed and come to be associated with spatially localized activity in the primate brain. PEN's approach brings together different traditions and techniques to address questions such as how expertise develops, whether there are different kinds of experts, whether some disorders such as autism or prosopagnosia can be understood as a lack or loss of expertise, and how conceptual and perceptual information interact when experts recognize and categorize objects. The research and results that have been generated by these questions are presented here, along with a variety of other questions, background information, and extant issues that have emerged from recent studies, making this book a complete overview on the topic.
Inhibition In The Process Of Feature Binding
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Author : Snehlata Jaswal
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
Release Date :
Inhibition In The Process Of Feature Binding written by Snehlata Jaswal and has been published by Frontiers E-books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.
Feature binding is the process whereby different features such as shape, colour, size, orientation, location, etc. are linked together to form a coherent representation of the object. It is a ubiquitous physiological sequence and an essential phase in information processing, for it provides the basis of mental representations, which in turn, are requisite for all cognitive functions. It is important to realize though, that binding is not an isolated process. There are myriad stimuli impinging on our senses at all times, vying to gain entry into our consciousness. Further, not only does sensory input emanate from a complex, dynamic environment, but it also enters a neural system that is already activated by previous inputs and is oriented towards future goals. Which aspects of the momentary sensory input are selected for further processing depends as much on the state of the system as it does on the sensory input itself. Indeed, some fundamental questions one may ask about binding are whether, why, and how, some features are selected for binding at the cost of others. The bottom-up view of information processing is that the input received by the brain is processed in a largely automatic way to the higher centers in the brain. The physiological basis of binding is postulated to be either conjunctively coding neurons, or synchrony among participating neural networks to encode features and out of phase neural activity to encode separate objects. But, mere perceptual integration of features, whether by synchrony or by specialized neurons, does not even begin to capture the implication that binding results in coherent objects, fundamental for further information processing. An object is not only a bundle of features. At the very least, the features need to be integrated so that the object can be distinguished from other objects. This implies selection and manipulation of the basic information supplied by separate features. The top-down view of information processing contends that binding is more influenced by the reentrant processes (the downward and lateral feedback to the lower areas, emanating from the higher centers of the brain). Reentrant processes not only help to confirm what is correct but also resolve competition. These top-down processes are linked to attention and higher cognitive functions help select relevant input. We aim to debate what happens to the irrelevant information in the process of binding. Are irrelevant features simply lost from the system over time, or are they deliberately deleted? Is there any inhibitory process involved in binding? What is the empirical evidence for such a process at the behavioral level? Is such a process active and resource-demanding or relatively passive and automatic? What do neuropsychological studies show? What are the physiological underpinnings of such a process? How is it incorporated in computational models to increase our understanding of the binding process? The idea is to bring together diverse views on ‘Inhibition in Feature Binding’ with the ultimate aim of better understanding the process of binding and invoking informed and insightful future research.
Neural Mechanisms Of Bottom Up Selection During Visual Search
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
Neural Mechanisms Of Bottom Up Selection During Visual Search written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with categories.
Models of attention and saccade target selection propose that within the brain there is a topographic map of visual salience that selects, through a winner-take-all mechanism, locations for further processing. The results of a series of recent experiments in monkeys performing pop-out visual search tasks suggest that the frontal eye field (FEF) functions as a map of visual salience. FEF is located at the interface of sensory and motor processing and participates in the transformation of visual information into a command to move the eyes. Visually responsive neurons in FEF identify conspicuous objects in a search array regardless of the feature that renders conspicuousness. Furthermore, selection occurs at a constant interval following search array presentation and is dissociated from saccade production. The finding of a visual salience map in FEF validates models of visual selection and can serve to guide future empirical and theoretical investigations.
How Humans Recognize Objects Segmentation Categorization And Individual Identification
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Author : Chris Fields
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2016-08-18
How Humans Recognize Objects Segmentation Categorization And Individual Identification written by Chris Fields and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-08-18 with Psychology categories.
Human beings experience a world of objects: bounded entities that occupy space and persist through time. Our actions are directed toward objects, and our language describes objects. We categorize objects into kinds that have different typical properties and behaviors. We regard some kinds of objects – each other, for example – as animate agents capable of independent experience and action, while we regard other kinds of objects as inert. We re-identify objects, immediately and without conscious deliberation, after days or even years of non-observation, and often following changes in the features, locations, or contexts of the objects being re-identified. Comparative, developmental and adult observations using a variety of approaches and methods have yielded a detailed understanding of object detection and recognition by the visual system and an advancing understanding of haptic and auditory information processing. Many fundamental questions, however, remain unanswered. What, for example, physically constitutes an “object”? How do specific, classically-characterizable object boundaries emerge from the physical dynamics described by quantum theory, and can this emergence process be described independently of any assumptions regarding the perceptual capabilities of observers? How are visual motion and feature information combined to create object information? How are the object trajectories that indicate persistence to human observers implemented, and how are these trajectory representations bound to feature representations? How, for example, are point-light walkers recognized as single objects? How are conflicts between trajectory-driven and feature-driven identifications of objects resolved, for example in multiple-object tracking situations? Are there separate “what” and “where” processing streams for haptic and auditory perception? Are there haptic and/or auditory equivalents of the visual object file? Are there equivalents of the visual object token? How are object-identification conflicts between different perceptual systems resolved? Is the common assumption that “persistent object” is a fundamental innate category justified? How does the ability to identify and categorize objects relate to the ability to name and describe them using language? How are features that an individual object had in the past but does not have currently represented? How are categorical constraints on how objects move or act represented, and how do such constraints influence categorization and the re-identification of individuals? How do human beings re-identify objects, including each other, as persistent individuals across changes in location, context and features, even after gaps in observation lasting months or years? How do human capabilities for object categorization and re-identification over time relate to those of other species, and how do human infants develop these capabilities? What can modeling approaches such as cognitive robotics tell us about the answers to these questions? Primary research reports, reviews, and hypothesis and theory papers addressing questions relevant to the understanding of perceptual object segmentation, categorization and individual identification at any scale and from any experimental or modeling perspective are solicited for this Research Topic. Papers that review particular sets of issues from multiple disciplinary perspectives or that advance integrative hypotheses or models that take data from multiple experimental approaches into account are especially encouraged.