Mechanisms Underlying The Establishment Of Cell Polarity
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Mechanisms Underlying The Establishment Of Cell Polarity
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Author : Chad Alan Rappleye
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Mechanisms Underlying The Establishment Of Cell Polarity written by Chad Alan Rappleye and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with categories.
Cell Polarity 1
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Author : Klaus Ebnet
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-03-04
Cell Polarity 1 written by Klaus Ebnet and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-03-04 with Science categories.
This work provides a state-of-the art overview on the most relevant aspects of cell polarity. Volume 1 addresses cell polarity and cell migration (front-rear polarity), cell polarity and barrier formation (apico-basal polarity) and neuronal polarity. It particularly focuses on cell polarity at the molecular level and the underlying molecular mechanisms. It also elaborates the common principles and mechanisms that regulate cellular polarization in different cell types and contexts. Both volumes are intended for professors, group leaders and researchers in cell biology as well as medical professionals in the fields of anatomy, cell biology, physiology, pathology and tumor biology.
Mechanisms Underlying The Control Of Cell Polarity In Higher Plants
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Author : Julia Hush
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1991
Mechanisms Underlying The Control Of Cell Polarity In Higher Plants written by Julia Hush and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Plant cellular control mechanisms categories.
Cell Polarity In Development And Disease
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Author : Douglas W Houston
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2017-11-14
Cell Polarity In Development And Disease written by Douglas W Houston and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-14 with Science categories.
Cell Polarity in Development and Disease offers insights into the basic molecular mechanisms of common diseases that arise as a result of a loss of ordered organization and intrinsic polarity. Included are diseases affecting highly polarized epithelial tissues in the lung and kidney, as well as loss and gain of cell polarity in the onset and progression of cancer. This book provides a basic resource for understanding the biology of polarity, offering a starting point for those thinking of targeting cell polarity for translational medical research. Provides basic science understanding of cell polarity disease and development Covers diseases affecting polarized epithelial tissues in the lung and kidney, also covering the progression of cancer Includes historical context of cell polarity research for potential future breakthroughs
Basic Principles Of Polarity Establishment And Maintenance
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Basic Principles Of Polarity Establishment And Maintenance written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
The Function Of The Exocyst And The Ferm Protein Yurt In The Polarization Of Drosophila Epithelial Cells
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Author : Slobodan Beronja
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
The Function Of The Exocyst And The Ferm Protein Yurt In The Polarization Of Drosophila Epithelial Cells written by Slobodan Beronja and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
I have addressed what mediates the localization of the exocyst complex in epithelial cells. I have shown that localization of Sec6, a component of the complex, is mediated by an interaction with N-cadherin. I have demonstrated that N-cadherin recruits cytoplasmic Sec6 to the plasma membrane via its extracellular portion, and independently of other adherens junction proteins, suggesting that Sec6/N-cadherin interaction is indirect. In addition, I have shown that Sec6 is essential for the maintenance of cell polarity and epithelial tissue integrity, and that it functions in targeting of the apical junctional proteins in the follicular epithelium. Here, I characterized novel factors and mechanisms underlying the establishment and maintenance of epithelial cell polarity. Firstly, I investigated the function of the Drosophila homolog of the yeast exocyst complex in cell polarity. In yeast, the exocyst guides polarized membrane growth through its restricted localization and tethering of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane prior to their fusion. In the photoreceptor cells, which differentiate from a simple epithelial architecture to a more complex one, Sec6 is essential for growth and protein targeting to the apical membrane specialization, the rhabdomere. Furthermore, I have demonstrated that the exocyst is an effector for a small GTPase Rab11 in mediating biosynthetic transport to the rhabdomere. I have shown that Yurt is a component of the Crumbs complex, and that it functions as a negative regulator of Crumbs in maintenance of epithelial cell polarity. In photoreceptor cells of the adult retina I have shown that Crumbs recruits Yurt to the apical plasma membrane, and that Yurt then controls apical membrane size through a negative regulation of Crumbs function. Furthermore, I have shown that Yurt functions in protection against the light-dependent degeneration of photoreceptor cells. Secondly, I have collaborated on a study that has identified a novel regulator of the Crumbs polarity complex, a FERM domain protein Yurt. Crumbs is an apical membrane protein in epithelial cells essential for maintenance of cell polarity and establishment of apical membrane identity. Mutations in human homolog of Crumbs were identified as predominant causes of neurodegenerative disorders of the retina, RP12 and LCA.
Cellular And Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Tissue Elongation Of The Developing Egg In Drosophila Melanogaster
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Author : Saori Lillian Haigo
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Cellular And Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Tissue Elongation Of The Developing Egg In Drosophila Melanogaster written by Saori Lillian Haigo and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
The cellular and molecular mechanisms generating the diversity of animal morphologies are still a relatively little explored subject within developmental biology. While changes in cell number help with the growth of tissue, the orientation of cell divisions, migrations, cell rearrangements or changes in cell shape can explain how anisotropies in tissue shape are formed during development. It remains unclear whether the current set of described behaviors can account for all of the diverse morphologies we see in extant metazoan species. To better understand the mechanisms underlying tissue morphogenesis, my Ph. D. dissertation focused on the development of the ellipsoid egg in Drosophila melanogaster as a new, emerging model system to study tissue elongation. Developing egg chambers (follicles) in Drosophila originate as a sphere and initially grow isotropically but elongate during oogenesis to form an ellipsoid egg. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying follicle elongation were not known, although genetic evidence suggested interactions between the follicle epithelium and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) are somehow involved. To elucidate how tissue elongation occurs in the Drosophila ovary, I utilized live imaging of developing follicles ex vivo and discovered that the follicle unexpectedly undergoes several revolutions of polarized, circumferential global tissue rotation - relative to the surrounding ECM - during the major elongation phase of oogenesis. Follicles with epithelia mutant for an Integrin receptor or Collagen IV, an ECM molecule, fail to rotate and result in round eggs. We found that Collagen IV fibrils become circumferentially planar polarized during the rotation phase but become misoriented in non-rotating `round egg' mutants. Furthermore, acute degradation of Collagen IV rounds previously elongated follicles, suggesting that follicle rotation polarizes a fibrillar matrix that constrains the growing egg in a `molecular corset', generating its ellipsoid shape. Global tissue rotation is thus a novel morphogenetic behavior, using polarized cell motility to propagate planar polarity information in synchrony to the ECM to control tissue shape. Many new questions developed from the discovery of global tissue rotation. It is unclear how the follicle epithelium responds to a revolving tissue and a mechanically constraining ECM as the tissue grows and elongates. Do conventional behaviors of tissue elongation like polarized cell intercalation, cell elongation or cell division occur in the Drosophila follicle? Chapter 3 aims to further our understanding of the cellular basis of follicle elongation by developing and performing preliminary quantitative morphometric analysis on the follicle epithelium during the elongation phase. In addition, I examine other known round egg mutants to determine whether they too regulate global tissue rotation or whether these genes regulate additional morphogenetic behaviors necessary for egg elongation. My final chapter investigates how planar cell polarity (PCP) and global tissue rotation are established in the Drosophila follicle. How does molecular planar polarity arise? Does this occur before the onset of polarized follicle rotation? Is there an activation signal to initiate global tissue rotation and from where does this signal originate? I perform an in silico enhancer trap screen to identify developmental signaling pathways and other genes that may coincide with the major elongation phase and has led to the identification of the Notch/Delta signaling pathway as a putative regulator of follicle PCP and global tissue rotation, potentially providing an activation signal from the germline. The findings from my Ph. D. dissertation provide a new framework to think about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tissue elongation of the developing egg, but moreover, challenge current perspectives on metazoan morphogenesis. Global tissue rotation is a novel polarized morphogenetic behavior required for tissue elongation, but the cellular output of this movement remains ambiguous, perhaps because of the follicle's closed topology as an epithelial chamber. It is the first collective cell migration with an obvious individual cell polarity and tissue polarity, but with no obvious collective cell polarity with leader and follower cells. It also raises the possibility that different mechanisms of PCP establishment and propagation may occur in different tissues. These and other issues indicate that continued studies of Drosophila egg elongation will provide novel and exciting insights to our understanding of tissue polarity, morphogenesis and development in a variety of organisms.
Molecular Mechanisms In Cell Polarity And Asymmetric Cell Division
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Author : Yuan Shang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Molecular Mechanisms In Cell Polarity And Asymmetric Cell Division written by Yuan Shang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Cell differentiation categories.
Regulation Of Cell Polarity In Stomatal Asymmetric Cell Division In Arabidopsis
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Author : Wanchen Shao
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Regulation Of Cell Polarity In Stomatal Asymmetric Cell Division In Arabidopsis written by Wanchen Shao and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with Cell differentiation categories.
Cell polarization, manifested by the asymmetric distribution of intracellular molecules, structures and functions within a cell, is an essential feature and plays critical roles in development and environmental responses for almost all cellular organisms. Polarly localized proteins at the cell cortex are key to asymmetric cell division (ACD), a fundamental process underlying the precise control of self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells in both animals and plants. The BREAKING OF ASYMMETRY IN THE STOMATAL LINEAGE (BASL) protein was one of the first polarity factors identified to control stomatal ACD in Arabidopsis. Remarkably, the localization and function of this plant-specific polarity protein resemble that of the conserved PAR protein complexes in animal ACD. However, how BASL protein is polarized to the cell cortex and how its polarity is precisely maintained at the plasma membrane have been major questions in the field. My Ph. D. research aimed to address these fundament questions. Presented in this dissertation are my genetic, molecular and cell biological data that implicate novel mechanisms for polarity establishment, maintenance, and attenuation in the stomatal lineage cells. Chapter 2 describes a positive genetic interaction between BASL and the MAPKK kinase YODA (YDA). My collaboration effort with Dr. Ying Zhang (the Dong Lab) and Dr. Pengcheng Wang (the Zhu Lab at Purdue U.) demonstrated that a canonical MAPK signaling pathway is integrated into the BASL polarization process during stomatal ACD (Zhang et al., 2015). My results show that YDA physically interacts and co-polarizes with BASL in the stomatal ACD cells, providing a molecular basis for the forward feedback loop between BASL and the MAPK signaling pathway in the establishment of cell polarity. The identification of this positive feedback loop and the differential expression of the polarity complex in two daughter cells also provided new insights into the mechanism for differential daughter cell fate determination in plants (Zhang et al., 2016b). To understand how this self-amplifying, positive feedback signaling system is maintained and attenuated in plant cells, I characterize the subcellular distribution and dynamic trafficking of BASL and YDA (Chapter 3). My cell biological data demonstrated that the PM-associated BASL and YDA proteins are internalized into the endomembrane system and delivered to MVB and vacuole for degradation in the stomatal lineage cells. It is therefore hypothesized that the plasma membrane-associated BASL and YDA proteins are subjected to an elegant regulation by endomembrane trafficking so that the amount of active molecules and the distribution pattern can be dynamically and precisely controlled in cell development. In Chapter 4, I studied a newly identified polarity regulator ICR1. I found that ICR1 promotes the vacuolar degradation of internalized BASL and YDA, thus alleviates the positive feedback signaling at the plasma membrane. More interestingly, ICR1 is a plant-specific, MT-binding protein, thus revealing a new role of MT cytoskeleton in the regulation of vacuolar trafficking in plant cells. In addition, my collaboration with Dongmeng Li (the graduate student in the Dong Lab) links the function of ICR1 with FAB1/PIKfyve (Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinase), an important player in promoting endosome maturation, in vacuolar targeting and degradation of BASL-YDA. Overall, my work contributes to the formulation of the BASL-centered polarization machinery that was promoted by a positive feedback regulation with a MAPK signaling pathway and downregulated by a MT-based ICR1 vacuolar targeting system to achieve dynamic and precise spatiotemporal control on subsequent developmental processes.
Polarity In Plants
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Author : K. Lindsey
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2004
Polarity In Plants written by K. Lindsey and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Science categories.
The establishment of polarity is a fundamental feature in eukaryotic development. Polarity in Plants provides an account of current research into the mechanisms by which polarity is generated at the level of the cell, organ and organism in plants, drawing especially on recent work with model organisms. The emphasis is on the use of the techniques of molecular genetics to dissect molecular mechanisms. This is the first volume to bring together the diverse aspects of polarity in plant development.