Modeling Son Preference In Pakistan
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Modeling Son Preference In Pakistan
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Author : Sadia Saeed
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Modeling Son Preference In Pakistan written by Sadia Saeed and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Gender identity categories.
Gender has become one of the most politicized issues in South Asian countries over the past 100 years. They were expected to cook for the family, clean the house, feed their children, look after all family members, and give birth to a male child. When a woman gave birth to a male child she was considered very respectable in the family. Son preference is one of the oldest issues in most societies, with males given preferential treatment over females. In spite of the rapid advancement in education and communication, the desire for a son continues to remain (NIPS, 1992). Sons are usually preferred as they are considered a symbol of prestige for their families. Sons, not daughters, carry the family name and keep the family intact. This is one reason women are pressured to continue to give birth until they deliver a boy. In Pakistan discrimination against the girl child is a function of cultural and economic factors. In a culture where son preference exists, scarcity of resources may heighten the discrimination against females. The objective of this study of son preference is to investigate the effects of social structural factors, such as type of place (Urban, Rural), family type (extended or non-extended), women education, agricultural and non agricultural households, inter-cousin marriages, sex composition of surviving children, husband's level of education, and age at marriage. Finally, I investigated the effect of changes in social structural factors on changes in son preference behavior in Pakistan. Data for this study are from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 1990-1991 and 2006-2007. Both surveys cover the entire country and provide sufficient information about family structure, fertility trends, socio-economic background, literacy level and respondent's attitude toward son preference. The analysis was conducted by using secondary data. This study used the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) conducted in 1991-1992 and 2006-2007 as a source of data. The PDHS collects a wide range of data about population and health issues and includes questions regarding gender preference for children in 1992. The PDHS 1990-1991 and 2006-2007 provides information about population characteristics such as (1) urban and rural background of the respondents, (2) educational level of husband and wife, (3) age difference between husband and wife at the time of marriage, (4) age of female at the time of marriage, (5) family size preference, (6) Agricultural and non agricultural background, and (7) type of family. The universe is four provinces of Pakistan. . For the 1991-1992 survey a total of 6,611 households were selected for the women's sample. The target was ever-married women, ages 15-49. Sample size of 10,023 respondents is married women, ages 15-49. Four provinces of Pakistan are included in the sample. The dependent variable in this study is son preference. In this study type of place, type of family, women educational level, age difference between husband and wife, agricultural and non agricultural households and inter-cousin marriages have been selected as the predictive variables while region, (Punjab, Sindh, NWF), sexcomposition of surviving children and husband education constitute the control variables. This research has found that son preference has increased in Pakistan during 1990 to 2007. Almost 10% increase in son preference can be seen in Pakistan between 1990 until 2007. In 1990-1991 son preference ratio was 38.3% and increased in 2006-2007 to 47.5%. The phi-coefficient measures the degree of association between dichotomous variables in the study. The phi-coefficient indicates that there is a significant compositional change in almost all the variables since 1991-2007, but the magnitude of that association is very weak. Decomposition of variables indicates that almost all changes with respect to son preference in the population are due to affect changes in variables rather than compositional changes during 1991-2007. Though there is an increase in son preference behavior in Pakistan in last 15 years, this increase is not uniform across all population sub-groups. The study found that among urban, educated and non-agricultural household women, the son -preference was significantly lower than the rest. But the magnitude of this change is very low and the proportion of that population is very small. That is the reason they have not had a larger impact in terms of reducing son preference. This study will help to improve gender discrimination in Pakistan. This research can also provide guidelines for economic policymakers to introduce such policies that create more earning opportunities for females, because it is observed that household wealth decreases son preference (Seker & Hatti, 2010). This research will provide guidance to social workers to start programs that create mass awareness among people with special emphasis on cultural misconceptions. This study also severs as road sign for further research in this area and can therefore be replicated.
Reforming Education And Challenging Inequalities In Southern Contexts
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Author : Pauline Rose
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2021-03-24
Reforming Education And Challenging Inequalities In Southern Contexts written by Pauline Rose and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-24 with Education categories.
This book offers in-depth analyses of how education interacts with social inequality in Southern contexts. Drawing on a range of disciplinary frameworks, it presents new analyses of existing knowledge and new empirical data which define the challenges and possibilities of successful educational reform. It is a tribute to the work of the late Christopher Colclough, who, as a leading figure in education and international development, played a key role in the global fight for education for all children. The book critically engages with international evidence of educational access, retention and outcomes, offering new understandings of how social inequalities currently facilitate, mediate or restrict educational opportunities. It exposes the continuing influence of wealth and regional inequalities and caste and gendered social structures. Researchers in Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Pakistan and Uganda highlight how the aspirations of families living in poverty remain unfilled by poor-quality education and low economic opportunities and how schools and teachers currently address issues of gender, disability and diversity. The book highlights a range of new priorities for research and identifies some necessary strategies for education reform, policy approaches and school practice, if educational equality for all children is to be achieved. The book will be of great interest to researchers, scholars, educational practitioners and policy-makers in the fields of economics, politics and sociology of education, international education, poverty research and international development. The Foreword, Chapters 1, 6, 7, and 12 of this book are freely available as downloadable Open Access PDFs at https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780429293467 under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license (Foreword, Chapters 1, 6, and 12) and a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license (Chapter 7).
Household Models Of Economic Demographic Decision Making
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Author : International Union for the Scientific Study of Population. Committee on Economics and Demography
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1977
Household Models Of Economic Demographic Decision Making written by International Union for the Scientific Study of Population. Committee on Economics and Demography and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1977 with Childfree choice categories.
Education And The Un Sustainable Development Goals
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Author : Kim Beasy
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2023-11-02
Education And The Un Sustainable Development Goals written by Kim Beasy and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-11-02 with Education categories.
This book focuses on the complex relationship between education and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and highlights how important context is for both critiquing and achieving the Goals though education, given the critical role teachers, schools and curriculum play in young people’s lives. Readers will find examples of thinking and practice across the spectrum of education and training sectors, both formal and informal. The book adds to the increasing body of literature that recognises that education is, and must be, in its praxis, at the heart of all the SDGs. As we enter the third decade of the 21st century, we have a clear understanding of the wicked and complex crises regarding the health of life on our planet, and we cannot ignore the high levels of anxiety our young people are experiencing about their future. Continuing in the direction of unsustainable exploitation of people and nature is no longer an option if life is to have a flourishing future. The book illustrates how SDGs are supported in and by education and training, showcasing the conditions necessary to ensure SDGs are fore fronted in policy reform. It includes real-world examples of SDGs in education and training contexts, as well as novel critiques of the SDGs in regard to their privileging of anthropocentrism and neoliberalism. This book is beneficial to academics, researchers, post graduate and tertiary students from all fields relating to education and training. It is also of interest to policy developers from across disciplines and government agencies who are interested in how the SDGs relate to education.
Family Demography In Asia
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Author : Stuart Gietel-Basten
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2018-11-30
Family Demography In Asia written by Stuart Gietel-Basten and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-11-30 with POLITICAL SCIENCE categories.
The demographic future of Asia is a global issue. As the biggest driver of population growth, an understanding of patterns and trends in fertility throughout Asia is critical to understand our shared demographic future. This is the first book to comprehensively and systematically analyse fertility across the continent through the perspective of individuals themselves rather than as a consequence of top-down government policies.
Modernization And Son Preference In People S Republic Of China
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Author : Robin Burgess
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Modernization And Son Preference In People S Republic Of China written by Robin Burgess and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with China categories.
Environmental Sustainability Growth Trajectory And Gender
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Author : Chandrima Chakraborty
language : en
Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing
Release Date : 2022-06-09
Environmental Sustainability Growth Trajectory And Gender written by Chandrima Chakraborty and has been published by Emerald Group Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-06-09 with Business & Economics categories.
Environmental Sustainability, Growth Trajectory and Gender focuses on three major issues affecting developing economies: environmental sustainability, growth trajectory and gender. Awareness is increased through an exploration of policies and actions that will enhance gender equality and sustainable development.
Preferences For The Sex Of Children And Their Influence On Reproductive Behaviour
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Author : John G. Cleland
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1983
Preferences For The Sex Of Children And Their Influence On Reproductive Behaviour written by John G. Cleland and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1983 with Family planning services categories.
The Methods And Uses Of Anthropological Demography
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Author : Alaka Malwade Basu
language : en
Publisher: Clarendon Press
Release Date : 1998-09-24
The Methods And Uses Of Anthropological Demography written by Alaka Malwade Basu and has been published by Clarendon Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998-09-24 with Social Science categories.
This volume takes stock of the current status of the comparatively new discipline of `Anthropological Demography', and discusses its major methods, its main strengths, and its chief limitations. It includes contributions from both mainstream demographers and foremost anthropologists, all stressing the necessity of a shared agenda for each discipline to progress successfully and avoid marginalization. While the unique research and personal satisfaction afforded by `participant observation' is described, the book also highlights the potential contribution to the understanding of demographic events of much more than the field methods of traditional anthropology. In particular, it stresses the insights possible from qualitative focus group interviews, from longitudinal studies and from a greater interest in `armchair' anthropology, in which demographers complement their quantitative findings with qualitative information and understanding gleaned from a careful reading of the anthropological literature, in the form of both ethnographies and anthropological theories. In addition, it stresses the larger world of the ideal anthropological demographer: a world that includes the cultural context of course, but also takes into account the historical and political forces that condition so much individual behaviour. But the book is also a critical venture. It includes therefore considerable discussion of the common limits of the purely anthropological approach for understanding demographic events and processes, especially from a larger policy perspective, at the same time as it emphasizes the crucial role of the anthropological approach to designing policy that is potentially effective as well as socially and culturally sensitive. It reiterates the often complementary role of anthropological demography and also discusses some specific questions in demographic research which it does not as yet seem to have the capacity to illuminate. The book is aimed primarily at demographers wishing to broaden their research agenda and deepen their understanding of demographic behaviour, but it also hopes to convert mainstream anthropologists to take a more active interest in demographic issues. Both disciplines, after all, have a common intense interest in the kind of life and death issues that they can fruitfully explore together or by using one another's research methods.
Sex Preference In Bangladesh India And Pakistan And Its Effect On Fertility
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Author : Moni Nag
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1991
Sex Preference In Bangladesh India And Pakistan And Its Effect On Fertility written by Moni Nag and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Sex of children, Parental preferences for categories.
