Modelling Trees
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Modeling Forest Trees And Stands
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Author : Harold E. Burkhart
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-04-27
Modeling Forest Trees And Stands written by Harold E. Burkhart and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-04-27 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Drawing upon a wealth of past research and results, this book provides a comprehensive summary of state-of-the-art methods for empirical modeling of forest trees and stands. It opens by describing methods for quantifying individual trees, progresses to a thorough coverage of whole-stand, size-class and individual-tree approaches for modeling forest stand dynamics, growth and yield, moves on to methods for incorporating response to silvicultural treatments and wood quality characteristics in forest growth and yield models, and concludes with a discussion on evaluating and implementing growth and yield models. Ideal for use in graduate-level forestry courses, this book also provides ready access to a plethora of reference material for researchers working in growth and yield modeling.
Modelling Trees
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Author : Gordon Gravett
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Modelling Trees written by Gordon Gravett and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Railroads categories.
Modelling Forest Development
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Author : Klaus von Gadow
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-12-01
Modelling Forest Development written by Klaus von Gadow and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-12-01 with Technology & Engineering categories.
In an lUlffianaged woodland, forest development follows a succession of periods of undisturbed natural growth, interrupted by intermediate loss or damage of trees caused by fire or wind or other natural hazards. In a managed woodland, the most important periodic disturbances are the thinning operations, which are often carried out at regular intervals and which usually have a significant effect on the future evolution of the resource. Thus, a realistic model of forest development includes both natural growth and thinnings. The key to successful timber management is a proper understanding of growth processes, and one of the objectives of modelling forest development is to provide the tools that enable foresters to compare alternative silvicultural treatments. Foresters need to be able to anticipate the consequences of a particular thinning operation. In most cases, total timber volume is not a very appropriate measure for quantifying growth or yields, or changes caused by thinning operations. Yield in economic terms is defined by the dimensions and quality attributes of the harvestable logs, and estimating timber products is a central issue of production-oriented growth and yield research. Introduction 2 Growth modelling is also an essential prerequisite for evaluating the consequences of a particular management action on the future development of an important natural resource, such as a woodland ecosystem.
Image Based Modeling Of Plants And Trees
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Author : Sing Bing Kang
language : en
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Release Date : 2010
Image Based Modeling Of Plants And Trees written by Sing Bing Kang and has been published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Computers categories.
Plants and trees are among the most complex natural objects. Much work has been done attempting to model them, with varying degrees of success. In this book, we review the various approaches in computer graphics, which we categorize as rule-based, image-based, and sketch-based methods. We describe our approaches for modeling plants and trees using images. Image-based approaches have the distinct advantage that the resulting model inherits the realistic shape and complexity of a real plant or tree. We use different techniques for modeling plants (with relatively large leaves) and trees (with relatively small leaves).With plants, we model each leaf from images, while for trees, the leaves are only approximated due to their small size and large number. Both techniques start with the same initial step of structure from motion on multiple images of the plant or tree that is to be modeled. For our plant modeling system, because we need to model the individual leaves, these leaves need to be segmented out from the images. We designed our plant modeling system to be interactive, automating the process of shape recovery while relying on the user to provide simple hints on segmentation. Segmentation is performed in both image and 3D spaces, allowing the user to easily visualize its effect immediately. Using the segmented image and 3D data, the geometry of each leaf is then automatically recovered from the multiple views by fitting a deformable leaf model. Our system also allows the user to easily reconstruct branches in a similar manner. To model trees, because of the large leaf count, small image footprint, and widespread occlusions, we do not model the leaves exactly as we do for plants. Instead, we populate the tree with leaf replicas from segmented source images to reconstruct the overall tree shape. In addition, we use the shape patterns of visible branches to predict those of obscured branches. As a result, we are able to design our tree modeling system so as to minimize user intervention. We also handle the special case of modeling a tree from only a single image. Here, the user is required to draw strokes on the image to indicate the tree crown (so that the leaf region is approximately known) and to refine the recovery of branches. As before, we concatenate the shape patterns from a library to generate the 3D shape. To substantiate the effectiveness of our systems, we show realistic reconstructions of a variety of plants and trees from images. Finally, we offer our thoughts on improving our systems and on the remaining challenges associated with plant and tree modeling. Table of Contents: Introduction / Review of Plant and Tree Modeling Techniques / Image-Based Technique for Modeling Plants / Image-Based Technique for Modeling Trees / Single Image Tree Modeling / Summary and Concluding Remarks / Acknowledgments
Modelling Railway Scenery Volume 2
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Author : Anthony A Reeves
language : en
Publisher: Crowood
Release Date : 2015-04-30
Modelling Railway Scenery Volume 2 written by Anthony A Reeves and has been published by Crowood this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-04-30 with Crafts & Hobbies categories.
Whether you are just about to embark on your scenic modelling journey, or want to re-work an existing layout, this clearly written volume will be invaluable. The author guides you through the process of collecting field-trip information, both written and photographic, and then demonstrates, using step-by-step instructions, how the colours, textures and features depicted in the reference photographs can be replicated to create a wonderful model landscape. The author describes in detail the modelling techniques he employs to create long and short grass, crop, fallow and freshly ploughed fields, trimmed hedges, mature hedgerows, hedgerow trees, broadland trees in summer, Scots pine trees, silver birch, autumn and winter trees, as well as dead and fallen trees and trees in half relief. Finally, he brings together all the features that have been covered in the book and describes the building of a scale model representation of the field trip photographs in the form of a 3 x 2 ft diorama. Aimed at all those railway modellers who wish to create attractive, realistic scenery for their layouts, brimming with advice and tips and with over four hundred inspirational reference colour images and colour instructional photographs. A sister volume to Modelling Railway Scenery Volume 1 - Cuttings, Hills, Mountains, Streams and Lakes (Crowood 2013).
Models Of Tree And Stand Dynamics
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Author : Annikki Mäkelä
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-03-17
Models Of Tree And Stand Dynamics written by Annikki Mäkelä and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-03-17 with Science categories.
The book is designed to be a textbook for university students (MSc-PhD level) and a reference for researchers and practitioners. It is an introduction to dynamic modelling of forest growth based on ecological theory but aiming for practical applications for forest management under environmental change. It is largely based on the work and research findings of the authors, but it also covers a wide range of literature relevant to process-based forest modelling in general. The models presented in the book also serve as tools for research and can be elaborated further as new research findings emerge. The material in the book is arranged such that the student starts from basic concepts and formulations, then moves towards more advanced theories and methods, finally learning about parameter estimation, model testing, and practical application. Exercises with solutions and hands-on R-code are provided to help the student digest the concepts and become proficient with the methods. The book should be useful for both forest ecologists who want to become modellers, and for applied mathematicians who want to learn about forest ecology. The basic concepts and theory are formulated in the first four chapters, including a review of traditional descriptive forest models, basic concepts of carbon balance modelling applied to trees, and theories and models of tree and forest structure. Chapter 5 provides a synthesis in the form of a core model which is further elaborated and applied in the subsequent chapters. The more advanced theories and methods in Chapters 6 and 7 comprise aspects of competition through tree interactions, and eco-evolutionary modelling, including optimisation and game theory, a topical and fast developing area of ecological modelling under climate change. Chapters 8 and 9 are devoted to parameter estimation and model calibration, showing how empirical and process-based methods and related data sources can be bridged to provide reliable predictions. Chapter 10 demonstrates some practical applications and possible future development paths of the approach. The approach in this book is unique in that the models presented are based on ecological theory and research findings, yet sufficiently simple in structure to lend themselves readily to practical application, such as regional estimates of harvest potential, or satellite-based monitoring of growth. The applicability is also related to the objective of bridging empirical and process-based approaches through data assimilation methods that combine research-based ecological measurements with standard forestry data. Importantly, the ecological basis means that it is possible to build on the existing models to advance the approach as new research findings become available.
Forest Growth And Yield Modeling
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Author : Aaron R. Weiskittel
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2011-07-15
Forest Growth And Yield Modeling written by Aaron R. Weiskittel and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-07-15 with Science categories.
Forest Growth and Yield Modeling synthesizes current scientific literature and provides insights in how models are constructed. Giving suggestions for future developments, and outlining keys for successful implementation of models the book provides a thorough and up-to-date, single source reference for students, researchers and practitioners requiring a current digest of research and methods in the field. The book describes current modelling approaches for predicting forest growth and yield and explores the components that comprise the various modelling approaches. It provides the reader with the tools for evaluating and calibrating growth and yield models and outlines the steps necessary for developing a forest growth and yield model. Single source reference providing an evaluation and synthesis of current scientific literature Detailed descriptions of example models Covers statistical techniques used in forest model construction Accessible, reader-friendly style
Modelling Trees Stands And Forests
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1988
Modelling Trees Stands And Forests written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988 with Forest management categories.
Modelling Forest Systems
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Author : A. Amaro
language : en
Publisher: CABI
Release Date : 2003-01-01
Modelling Forest Systems written by A. Amaro and has been published by CABI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-01-01 with Science categories.
There are many theoretical approaches to modelling forest systems, but not all of them have valid practical applications. This book reviews current thinking on various models and presents applications in various contexts. Papers have been selected and developed from those presented at aworkshop held in Portugal in June 2002. Topics covered include: Forest reality and modelling strategies Mathematical approaches and reasoning Estimation processes Models, validation and decision under uncertainty Model archives and metadata
Modelling Trees
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Author : Gordon Gravett
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Modelling Trees written by Gordon Gravett and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Railroads categories.