Moral
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Moral Aims
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Author : Cheshire Calhoun
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2015-12-01
Moral Aims written by Cheshire Calhoun and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-12-01 with Philosophy categories.
We rely on two different conceptions of morality. On the one hand, we think of morality as a correct action guide. Morality is accessed by taking up a critical, reflective point of view where our concern is with identifying the moral rules that would be the focus of the requiring activities of persons in a hypothetical social world whose participants were capable of accessing the justifications for everyone's endorsing just this set of rules. On the other hand, in doing virtually anything connected with morality--making demands, offering excuses, justifying choices, expressing moral attitudes, getting uptake on our resentments, and the like-we rely on social practices of morality and shared moral understandings that make our moral activities and attitudes intelligible to others. This second conception of morality, unlike the first, is not shaped by the aim of getting it right or the contrast between correct and merely supposed moral requirements. It is shaped by the moral aim of practicing morality with others within an actual, not merely hypothetical, scheme of social cooperation. If practices based on misguided moral norms seem not to be genuine morality under the first conception, merely hypothetical practices seem not to be the genuine article under the second conception. The premise of this book, which collects together nine previously published essay and a new introduction, is that both conceptions are indispensable. But exactly how is the moral theorist to go about working simultaneously with two such different conceptions of morality? The book's project is not to construct an overarching methodology for handling the two conceptions of morality. Instead, it is to provide case studies of that work being done.
Descriptive Ethics
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Author : Nora Hämäläinen
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-10-20
Descriptive Ethics written by Nora Hämäläinen and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-10-20 with Philosophy categories.
This book is an investigation into the descriptive task of moral philosophy. Nora Hämäläinen explores the challenge of providing rich and accurate pictures of the moral conditions, values, virtues, and norms under which people live and have lived, along with relevant knowledge about the human animal and human nature. While modern moral philosophy has focused its energies on normative and metaethical theory, the task of describing, uncovering, and inquiring into moral frameworks and moral practices has mainly been left to social scientists and historians. Nora Hämäläinen argues that this division of labour has detrimental consequences for moral philosophy and that a reorientation toward descriptive work is needed in moral philosophy. She traces resources for a descriptive philosophical ethics in the work of four prominent philosophers of the twentieth century: John Dewey, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Michel Foucault, and Charles Taylor, while also calling on thinkers inspired by them.
Agency Moral Identity And Free Will
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Author : David Weissman
language : en
Publisher: Open Book Publishers
Release Date : 2020-04-01
Agency Moral Identity And Free Will written by David Weissman and has been published by Open Book Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-04-01 with Philosophy categories.
There is agency in all we do: thinking, doing, or making. We invent a tune, play, or use it to celebrate an occasion. Or we make a conceptual leap and ask more abstract questions about the conditions for agency. They include autonomy and self-appraisal, each contested by arguments immersing us in circumstances we don’t control. But can it be true we that have no personal responsibility for all we think and do? Agency: Moral Identity and Free Will proposes that deliberation, choice, and free will emerged within the evolutionary history of animals with a physical advantage: organisms having cell walls or exoskeletons had an internal space within which to protect themselves from external threats or encounters. This defense was both structural and active: such organisms could ignore intrusions or inhibit risky behavior. Their capacities evolved with time: inhibition became the power to deliberate and choose the manner of one’s responses. Hence the ability of humans and some other animals to determine their reactions to problematic situations or to information that alters values and choices. This is free will as a material power, not as the conclusion to a conceptual argument. Having it makes us morally responsible for much we do. It prefigures moral identity. Closely argued but plainly written, Agency: Moral Identity and Free Will speaks for autonomy and responsibility when both are eclipsed by ideas that embed us in history or tradition. Our sense of moral choice and freedom is accurate. We are not altogether the creatures of our circumstances.
Morality
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Author : Bernard Gert
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 1988
Morality written by Bernard Gert and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988 with History categories.
This volume is a revised, enlarged, and broadened version of Gert's classic 1970 book, The Moral Rules. Advocating an approach he terms "morality as impartial rationality," Gert here presents a full discussion of his moral theory, adding a wealth of new illuminating detail to his analysis of the concepts--rationality/irrationality, good/evil, and impartiality--by which he defines morality. He constructs a "moral system" that includes rules prohibiting the kinds of actions that cause evil, procedures for determining when violation of the rules is permitted, and ideals which encourage actions that prevent or relieve suffering. To be valid, Gert argues, any such system must be "a public system that applies to all rational persons." The book concludes with a discussion of medical ethics, demonstrating the link between moral theory and its application to real moral problems.
Moral Imagination
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Author : Mark Johnson
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 2014-12-10
Moral Imagination written by Mark Johnson and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-12-10 with Philosophy categories.
Using path-breaking discoveries of cognitive science, Mark Johnson argues that humans are fundamentally imaginative moral animals, challenging the view that morality is simply a system of universal laws dictated by reason. According to the Western moral tradition, we make ethical decisions by applying universal laws to concrete situations. But Johnson shows how research in cognitive science undermines this view and reveals that imagination has an essential role in ethical deliberation. Expanding his innovative studies of human reason in Metaphors We Live By and The Body in the Mind, Johnson provides the tools for more practical, realistic, and constructive moral reflection.
Morality And The Emotions
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Author : Carla Bagnoli
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press on Demand
Release Date : 2011-10-27
Morality And The Emotions written by Carla Bagnoli and has been published by Oxford University Press on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-10-27 with Philosophy categories.
Emotions shape our mental and social lives, but their relation to morality is problematic: are they sources of moral knowledge, or obstacles to morality? Fourteen original articles by leading scholars in moral psychology and philosophy of mind explore the relation between emotions and practical rationality, value, autonomy, and moral identity.
Common Morality Deciding What To Do
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Author : Bernard Gert
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2004-08-19
Common Morality Deciding What To Do written by Bernard Gert and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-08-19 with Philosophy categories.
Moral problems do not always come in the form of great social controversies. More often, the moral decisions we make are made quietly, constantly, and within the context of everyday activities and quotidian dilemmas. Indeed, these smaller decisions are based on a moral foundation that few of us ever stop to think about but which guides our every action.Here distinguished philosopher Bernard Gert presents a clear and concise introduction to what he calls "common morality" -- the moral system that most thoughtful people implicitly use when making everyday, common sense moral decisions and judgments. Common Morality is useful in that -- while not resolving every disagreement on controversial issues -- it is able to distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable answers to moral problems.In the first part of the book Gert lays out the fundamental features of common morality: moral rules, moral ideals, and a two-step procedure for determining when a violation of a moral rule is justified. Written in a non-technical style, the ten general moral rules include rules on which everyone can agree, such as "do not kill," "do not deceive," and "keep your promises." The moral ideals include similarly uncontroversial precepts such as "Relieve pain" and "Aid the needy." In the second part of the book Gert examines the underlying concepts that justify common morality, such as the notions of rationality and impartiality.The distillation of over 40 years of scholarship, this book is the most accessible version of Gert's influential theory of morality as well as an eye-opening look at the moral foundations of our everyday actions. Throughout the discussion is clear enough for a reader with little or no philosophy background.
Why Good Is Good
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Author : Robert A. Hinde
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2002
Why Good Is Good written by Robert A. Hinde and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Ethics categories.
Where did our moral beliefs come from? Hinde draws on psychology, philosophy, evolutionary biology and social anthropology to explore the historical origins of our moral codes.
Individual Morality
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Author : James Hemming
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1969
Individual Morality written by James Hemming and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1969 with Philosophy categories.
A World Without Values
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Author : Richard Joyce
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2009-12-01
A World Without Values written by Richard Joyce and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-12-01 with Philosophy categories.
What kind of properties are moral qualities, such as rightness, badness, etc? Some ethicists doubt that there are any such properties; they maintain that thinking that something is morally wrong (for example) is comparable to thinking that something is a unicorn or a ghost. These "moral error theorists" argue that the world simply does not contain the kind of properties or objects necessary to render our moral judgments true. This radical form of moral skepticism was championed by the philosopher John Mackie (1917-1981). This anthology is a collection of philosophical essays critically examining Mackie’s view.