Mri Contrast Agents
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Mr Contrast Agents An Issue Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics E Book
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Author : Marco Essig
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
Release Date : 2012-11-14
Mr Contrast Agents An Issue Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics E Book written by Marco Essig and has been published by Elsevier Health Sciences this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-11-14 with Medical categories.
MRI contrast agents improve visibility of internal body structures. This issue offers a complete, practically focused review of the use of a variety of contrast agents for MR Imaging. A contrast agent not only must be safe, but also efficacious and cost-effective, and the articles in this issue address all three of these concerns and the uses of contrast agents for a variety of applications.
The Chemistry Of Contrast Agents In Medical Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Author : Andre S. Merbach
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2013-04-15
The Chemistry Of Contrast Agents In Medical Magnetic Resonance Imaging written by Andre S. Merbach and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-15 with Science categories.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is one of the most important tools in clinical diagnostics and biomedical research. The number of MRI scanners operating around the world is estimated to be approximately 20,000, and the development of contrast agents, currently used in about a third of the 50 million clinical MRI examinations performed every year, has largely contributed to this significant achievement. This completely revised and extended second edition: Includes new chapters on targeted, responsive, PARACEST and nanoparticle MRI contrast agents. Covers the basic chemistries, MR physics and the most important techniques used by chemists in the characterization of MRI agents from every angle from synthesis to safety considerations. Is written for all of those involved in the development and application of contrast agents in MRI. Presented in colour, it provides readers with true representation and easy interpretation of the images. A word from the Authors: Twelve years after the first edition published, we are convinced that the chemistry of MRI agents has a bright future. By assembling all important information on the design principles and functioning of magnetic resonance imaging probes, this book intends to be a useful tool for both experts and newcomers in the field. We hope that it helps inspire further work in order to create more efficient and specific imaging probes that will allow materializing the dream of seeing even deeper and better inside the living organisms. Reviews of the First Edition: "...attempts, for the first time, to review the whole spectrum of involved chemical disciplines in this technique..."—Journal of the American Chemical Society "...well balanced in its scope and attention to detail...a valuable addition to the library of MR scientists..."—NMR in Biomedicine
Mri Contrast Agents
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Author : Sophie Laurent
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-11-03
Mri Contrast Agents written by Sophie Laurent and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-11-03 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book describes the multiple aspects of (i) preparation of the magnetic core, (ii) the stabilization with different coatings, (iii) the physico-chemical characterization and (iv) the vectorization to obtain specific nanosystems. Several bio-applications are also presented in this book. In the early days of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), paramagnetic ions were proposed as contrast agents to enhance the diagnostic quality of MR images. Since then, academic and industrial efforts have been devoted to the development of new and more efficient molecular, supramolecular and nanoparticular systems. Old concepts and theories, like paramagnetic relaxation, were revisited and exploited, leading to new scientific tracks. With their high relaxivity payload, the superparamagnetic nanoparticles are very appealing in the context of molecular imaging but challenges are still numerous: absence of toxicity, specificity, ability to cross the biological barriers, etc.
Contrast Agents For Mri
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Author : Valérie C Pierre
language : en
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Release Date : 2017-11-09
Contrast Agents For Mri written by Valérie C Pierre and has been published by Royal Society of Chemistry this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-09 with Medical categories.
As a practical reference guide for designing and performing experiments, this book focuses on the five most common classes of contrast agents for MRI namely gadolinium complexes, chemical exchange saturation transfer agents, iron oxide nanoparticles, manganese complexes and fluorine contrast agents. It describes how to characterize and evaluate them and for each class, a description of the theory behind their mechanisms is discussed briefly to orient the new reader. Detailed subchapters discuss the different physical chemistry methods used to characterize them in terms of their efficacy, safety and in vivo behavior. Important consideration is also given to the different physical properties that affect the performance of the contrast agents. The editors and contributors are at the forefront of research in the field of MRI contrast agents and this unique, cutting edge book is a timely addition to the literature in this area.
Contrast Agents I
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Author : Werner Krause
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2003-07-01
Contrast Agents I written by Werner Krause and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-07-01 with Science categories.
Extracellular MRI and X-ray contrast agents are characterized by their phar- cokinetic behaviour.After intravascular injection their plasma-level time curve is characeterized by two phases. The agents are rapidly distributed between plasma and interstitial spaces followed by renal elimination with a terminal half-live of approximatly 1–2 hours. They are excreted via the kidneys in unchanged form by glomerular filtration. Extracellular water-soluble contrast agents to be applied for X-ray imaging were introduced into clinical practice in 1923. Since that time they have proved to be most valuable tools in diagnostics.They contain iodine as the element of choice with a sufficiently high atomic weight difference to organic tissue. As positive contrast agents their attenuation of radiation is higher compared with the attenuation of the surrounding tissue. By this contrast enhancement X-ray diagnostics could be improved dramatically. In 2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid derivatives iodine is firmly bound. Nowadays diamides of the 2,4,6-triiodo-5-acylamino-isophthalic acid like iopromide (Ultravist, Fig. 1) are used as non-ionic (neutral) X-ray contrast agents in most cases [1].
The Chemistry Of Contrast Agents In Medical Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Author : André E. Merbach
language : en
Publisher: Wiley
Release Date : 2001-04-09
The Chemistry Of Contrast Agents In Medical Magnetic Resonance Imaging written by André E. Merbach and has been published by Wiley this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-04-09 with Science categories.
There has been a huge increase in the use of MRI and contrast agents in medicine in recent years as evidenced by a big increase in the number of hospitals with MRI machines and the ever-increasing number of examinations using contrast agents. Contrast agents have revolutionized the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in medical diagnostics, allowing doctors to distinguish between normal and abnormal tissues and ultimately improving prognosis for the patient. This monograph covers all aspects of production, use, operating mechanisms and theory of these diagnostic agents, used to produce high contrast images in MRI. It will therefore be unique resource for what is currently a very active domain of research both in universities and in industry. The Chemistry of Contrast Agents in Medical Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a comprehensive treatise: * written by the most active scientists in the field of contrast agents for medical MRI - from both university and industrial backgrounds * covering the topic from every angle from synthesis to safety considerations * invaluable to physicists, chemists, biologists as well as physicians * the first in-depth coverage of this topic
Medical Imaging Contrast Agents A Clinical Manual
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Author : Sukru Mehmet Erturk
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-08-24
Medical Imaging Contrast Agents A Clinical Manual written by Sukru Mehmet Erturk and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-08-24 with Medical categories.
This volume highlights and broadens our understanding of the correct use and the possible contraindications of contrast agents applied in radiology. Written by experts in the field, it not only focuses on the chemistry, physiochemical properties and pharmacokinetics of both iodinated and gadolinium-containing contrast agents, but also on the relevant safety issues such as frequency of their short- and long-term side effects and ways to avoid them nephrotoxicity risk related to the iodinated contrast agents NSF (nephrogenic systemic fibrosis) accumulation of gadolinium in the brain use of contrast agents in pediatric patients and pregnancy It also includes essential data on the use of contrast agents, such as scanning protocols, in the context of various clinical conditions. This comprehensive manual addresses all professionals involved in radiological imaging and is an invaluable tool for radiologists and technologists, as well as for residents and clinicians.
Update On Imaging Contrast Agents An Issue Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics Of North America E Book
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Author : Carlos A. Zamora
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
Release Date : 2017-10-11
Update On Imaging Contrast Agents An Issue Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics Of North America E Book written by Carlos A. Zamora and has been published by Elsevier Health Sciences this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-10-11 with Medical categories.
This issue of MRI Clinics of North America focuses on Update on Imaging Contrast Agents, and is edited by Drs. Carlos Zamora, Mauricio Castillo, Richard Semelka. Articles will include: Historical Perspective of Imaging Contrast Agents; Current Radiographic Iodinated Contrast Agents; Contrast-enhanced Sonography; Myelography: From Lipid-based to Gadolinium-based Contrast Agents; Acute Allergic Reactions with Gadolinium-based Contrast Agents: Diagnosis and Treatment; Deposition and Chronic Toxicity of Gadolinium-based Contrast Agents; Managing Allergic Reactions to Contrast Agents; Safety of Contrast Material Use in Children; Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agents; Contrast Agents for MR Imaging: Gadolinium, Manganese, SPIO, Superparamagnetic Iron Platinum, and Oral Agents; Contrast-induced Nephropathy: Pathophysiology, Manifestations, Prevention, and Management; and more!
Next Generation Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents
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Author : Piper Julia Klemm
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Next Generation Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents written by Piper Julia Klemm and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most powerful diagnostic techniques at the disposal of the medical community. Its success in the clinic, with 75 to 90 million scans performed worldwide annually, can be attributed in part to the use of injectable contrast agents to improve signal differentiation between healthy and pathological tissue. These contrast agents primarily use Gd(III) as the paramagnetic metal ion to induce contrast. With seven unpaired electrons, Gd(III) has the most paramagnetic character of any nonradioactive element. Aqueous Gd(III), however, is highly toxic; hence contrast agents use chelators to encapsulate the Gd(III) ion, which protects the patient from from the Gd(III) ion. While these chelators are necessary, they greatly decrease the relaxivity of the current commercial contrast agents. Commercial contrast agents are similar in that they are heteroatom chelators (N, O) and octadentate coordination, leaving only one open site for water coordination. Additionally, given their steric bulk, the water exchange mechanism with bulk solvent is a laboriously hindered dissociative mechanism. These factors contribute to the low efficiency of these Gd(III) complexes, as measured in relaxivity. Diagnostic scans typically inject 8-10 g of these complexes to achieve sufficient signal. Hydroxypyridinone (HOPO) chelators have emerged as a superior alternative to current commercial compounds. Using a tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN) capping moiety, three bidentate HOPO chelators form a hexadentate ligand. These TREN-tris-HOPO ligands leave multiple open sites for water coordination and exhibit rapid water exchange with bulk solvent, due to their reduced steric bulk and associative exchange mechanism. These ligands use all-oxygen-donor chelators, capitalizing on the oxophilicity of Gd(III) to form highly stable complexes. From this superior family of chelators, a variety of approaches can be used to develop the next generation of MRI contrast agents. Increasing molecular weight and tumbling time has been a strategy for increasing relaxivity and efficiency of MRI contrast agents. Through macromolecular conjugation, relaxivity is readily increased; simultaneously, these macromolecules provide the potential for building multimodal and multifunctional diagnostic and therapeutic agents. The potential applications for this class of materials are further increased with the addition of targeting functionality. These agents must have the ability to be fully and rapidly excreted and have facile and uniform large-scale syntheses to be candidates for the clinic. The esteramide (EA) dendrimer is one such macromolecular platform. With eight sites for contrast agent conjugation, the esteramide dendrimer readily loads many distinct HOPO ligands with multiple lanthanides for multimodal imaging. With close to 40 kDa of polyethylene glycol units, the Gd-HOPO-EA macromolecular architecture is highly soluble and biocompatible. Furthermore, the ester core of the dendrimer is degradable under in vivo conditions, easing renal clearance with four smaller moieties. The superior properties of this system inspired investigation into a variety of other macromolecular systems. Porous silica mesoparticles provide a rigid architecture that is much larger than other macromolecules evaluated and can hold greater than 108 small molecule MRI contrast complexes. The surfaces of these particles are readily functionalized and suitable for conjugation with most small molecule MRI contrast agents. These structures use a nontoxic silica infrastructure and are excreted renally despite their large size, making them viable candidates for further in vitro and in vivo study. Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) as a solid-support system have the most potential for use as multifunctional diagnostic and therapeutic compounds. AuNP have been long used for enhancing computed tomography (CT) imaging and have recently emerged as a cancer therapeutic when their structure is irradiated. These compounds are readily synthesized in large scales and have loading sites that are close together to hold multi-tethered Gadolinium-HOPO systems for multifunctional imaging. Using a variety of macromolecules to capitalize on the structural relationship between relaxivity and size, per-Gd and per-macromolecule-Gd relaxivity have been increased dramatically at clinically and physiologically relevant conditions. These improvements show that the combination of carefully designed macromolecules with excellent HOPO chelators produces an ideal MRI contrast agent for the clinic of the future.
Design And Synthesis Of Gd 3 Based Mri Contrast Agents
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Author : Haroon Ur Rashid
language : en
Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
Release Date : 2014-11-04
Design And Synthesis Of Gd 3 Based Mri Contrast Agents written by Haroon Ur Rashid and has been published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-11-04 with Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging categories.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has become a prominent imaging technique in medicine.MRI contrast agents are used to increase the sensitivity of this technique.1,4,7,10-teraazacyclododecane (cyclen) is a key macrocycle used for the synthesis of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Substituting the hydrogen atoms (attached to the nitrogen atoms in the ring) of cyclen with suitable groups produce stable ligands. These ligands on complexation with Ln3+ ions lead to the formation of useful chelates. Cyclen is widely synthesized via Richman and Atkins method.Recently, a new method for cancer treatment with a less side effect called photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been introduced. In this method cancer tissues are selectively destroyed without injuring the surrounding healthy cells. However, for the successful use of this method, the selection of an appropriate photosensitizer is important. Hence, it diagnosis-treat union of MRI and PDT will be significantly promoted if a new family of bi-functional agents is found, which would combine the effects of a contrast agent in MRI and of a photosensitizer in PDT. It will bring great improvement to the cancer diagnosis and treatment