Myostatin

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Myostatin

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Author : Dolores Christensen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016

Myostatin written by Dolores Christensen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Muscle proteins categories.

Myostatin, also known as growth and differentiation factor-8, is a member of the TGF-β family member and is mainly produced by skeletal muscle. Myostatin circulates in the serum in a latent form, whereas it acts almost exclusively on skeletal muscle. Chapter One of this book discusses the role of myostatin and related factors in muscle hypertrophy and atophy. Chapter Two concentrates on specific alterations of positive and negative regulators of muscle mass in patients with chronic kidney disease. Chapter Three examines the potential benefits of the myostatin gene polymorphisms in livestock animals. Chapter Four studies myostatin functions in fish.

Myostatin As A Regulator Of Fiber Size

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Author : Michal Solecki
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010

Myostatin As A Regulator Of Fiber Size written by Michal Solecki and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.

Myostatin is an important negative regulator of muscle mass. Disruption of the myostatin gene leads to dramatic increases of skeletal muscle mass. Skeletal muscle is highly plastic and adapts in response to changes in workload, activity and pathological conditions. In this thesis, I set out to investigate the underlying mechanisms involved in growth in the absence of myostatin. We used the myostatin knockout model in combination with synergist ablation or denervation to study growth and atrophy. During growth induced by functional overload, skeletal muscles increase their mass, midbelly and fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), and protein synthesis. The rapid growth also induces the activation and proliferation of satellite cells. In skeletal muscle, functional overload in myostatin knockout mice led to reduced growth in muscle mass and fiber size and a blunted switch of muscle fibers metabolic profile to a slower phenotype compared to their wildtype counterpart. Additionally, the distal portion of the plantaris was a region of major remodeling in both groups. Denervation through sciatic nerve section is an effective method to induce muscle atrophy. Following denervation, a rapid loss in muscle mass and fiber size occurs. Absence of myostatin did not prevent muscle mass and CSA loss in response to denervation. Moreover, no changes in the expression of MyHC isoforms were found. In conclusion, myostatin is not the only regulator skeletal muscle mass. In its absence, alternative strategies are employed to reach a different outcome of growth and no protection from muscle atrophy was observed suggesting other mechanisms at play. Show less You have requested "on-the-fly" machine translation of selected content from our databases. This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way intended to replace human translation. Show full disclaimer Neither ProQuest nor its licensors make any representations or warranties with respect to the translations. The translations are automatically generated "AS IS" and "AS AVAILABLE" and are not retained in our systems. PROQUEST AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES FOR AVAILABILITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, NON-INFRINGMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Your use of the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in your Electronic Products License Agreement and by using the translation functionality you agree to forgo any and all claims against ProQuest or its licensors for your use of the translation functionality and any output derived there from. Hide full disclaimer Translations powered by LEC. Translations powered by LEC.

Identification Of Signaling Cascades Involved In Myostatin Mediated Repression Of Skeletal Muscle Growth

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Author : Carissa Anne Steelman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005

Identification Of Signaling Cascades Involved In Myostatin Mediated Repression Of Skeletal Muscle Growth written by Carissa Anne Steelman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with categories.

Myostatin, a member of the TGF-[Beta] superfamily, negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth. Lack of functional myostatin is responsible for the double-muscled phenotype in cattle, which is characterized by an approximate 20% increase in muscle mass. Myostatin-knockout mice have individual muscles that weigh 2-3 times those of wild-type mice. In addition, an instance of human muscle hypertrophy resulting from a mutation in the myostatin gene has been reported. Despite recent advances in the identification of myostatin pathway components, including a putative receptor, the precise mechanism by which myostatin signals remains unknown. The objective of this study was to identify differences in gene expression between myo statin-null and wild-type mice at 3 developmental time points: 13.5 d.p.c, 17.5 d.p.c, and 35 days of age. With a false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.05, there were 472 genes differentially expressed at 13.5 d.p.c, 73 at 17.5 d.p.c, and 2109 at 35 days of age. At all three time points, changes were observed in genes involved in metabolism, enzyme activity, cell communication, and stimulus response. Further analysis focused on the results obtained at 35 days of age. At this time point, numerous changes were observed in genes implicated in translation and protein modification, differentiation, homeostasis, and energy production. In addition, the results indicated a switch in myogenic fiber type, with several genes encoding slow contractile protein isoforms down-regulated in myostatin-null tissue. It was also observed that a number of genes for Wnt pathway components, including Wnt4, were differentially expressed. Wnt4 has been shown to stimulate proliferation of a variety of cell types. Since it can also induce expression of myogenic regulatory genes, and was upregulated in the absence of myostatin, it was hypothesized that Wnt4 may be able to promote proliferation of muscle satellite cells. In this study, exposure to Wnt4 stimulated proliferation of satellite cells obtained from wild-type mice. In contrast, the Wnt inhibitors sFRPl and -2 decreased proliferation of myostatin-null satellite cells. Taken together, this research provides evidence of a role for Wnt4 in postnatal skeletal muscle growth and hypertrophy and offers insight into possible downstream effectors of myostatin signaling.

In Search Of The Molecular Mechanisms Of Myostatin

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Author : Jaclyn Kay Potts
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002

In Search Of The Molecular Mechanisms Of Myostatin written by Jaclyn Kay Potts and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with categories.

Myostatin is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. Knock-out mice have been shown to have a 200% increase in skeletal muscle mass primarily to myofiber hyperplasia and to a lesser extent, hypertrophy. Numerous mutations within myostatin have been identified which are responsible for the double-muscled phenotype in cattle. However, the molecular mechanisms whereby myostatin inhibits skeletal muscle mass are not fully understood. The goal of this research was to identify genes that are differentially expressed in double-muscled versus normal-muscled embryos in order to identify potential candidate genes that may be regulated by myostatin activated pathways. Suppressive subtractive hybridization was performed in order to identify genes that had increased expression in either double-muscled or normal-muscled bovine embryos. Crossbred Belgian Blue dams and sires were selected to minimize genetic variation at loci other than myostatin. Embryos were collected at 31 to 33 days of gestation, which is 2 to 4 days after the initial expression of myostatin. Thirty-one clones were identified that were potentially differentially expressed. Macroarray analysis of the original RNA samples confirmed that 20 of these clones were differentially expressed in the original cDNA libraries. Several of these genes have biological functions that correspond very well with myostatin's role in skeletal muscle development. However, whole embryos were utilized for the suppressive subtractive hybridization. In order to determine if they were expressed in skeletal muscle, expression levels in myoblasts and myotubes were analyzed. Only a few of the genes were expressed in myoblasts or myotubes. The genes that were not expressed may have been important during specification of the somite, or myostatin may play a systemic role and the genes are actually expressed elsewhere in the embryo. This research added potential insight about the molecular mechanisms whereby myostatin inhibits skeletal muscle mass. Furthermore, several of these genes map to quantitative trait loci known to interact with the presence or absence of myostatin. Physical mapping was completed on genes that were in QTL regions and single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified for genes in these regions. These will be used to discover if these genes contain myostatin interacting alleles.

Myostatin As A Negative Regulator Of Skeletal Muscle Growth

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Author : Stella Kagwiria Muthuri
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007

Myostatin As A Negative Regulator Of Skeletal Muscle Growth written by Stella Kagwiria Muthuri and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.

Myostatin is a member of the transforming growth factor ? superfamily and a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. Myostatin knockout (Mstn -/- ) mice display muscle masses that are twice those of wild type (WT) counterparts. Muscles of both Mstn -/- and WT mice doubled comparably in size in response to functional overload as a model of compensatory growth. We compared expression of key growth signaling intermediates in Mstn -/- and age-matched WT mice under normal weight-bearing conditions and after functional compensatory overload to identify molecular effectors of myostatin. RT-PCR revealed that increased muscle growth in Mstn -/- mice involved both significant hyperplasia, necessitating the recruitment of satellite cells via activation of Pax-7 and M-Cadherm genes, and hypertrophy of pre-existing mature muscle fibers. Mstn -/- mice were blunted in their ability to up-regulate transcript levels of the neurotrophic factor BDNF in response to age or functional overloading, indicative of increased myogenic differentiation and hence their ability to hyperplasia with overload. We investigated the role of Calcineurin (Cn), a Ca 2+ /CaM sensitive phosphatase at the nexus of molecular signaling related to muscle growth. Mstn -/- mice exhibited increased muscle expression of CnA ? and ? transcripts and higher protein levels of Cn's transcription factor substrate NFATc1, suggesting a role for myostatin as a repressor of this key growth signaling pathway. Using transgenic and pharmacological approaches that resulted in either constitutive activation or interference of Cn signaling, we observed lowered myostatin mRNA levels in the muscles of transgenic mice displaying compromised Cn activity and higher levels in transgenic mice with increased Cn activity suggesting that myostatin may be a downstream gene target of Cn signaling, in a manner associated with muscle growth.

Myostatin Negatively Regulates Cardiac Muscle Growth Development And Performance

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Author : Jillian Patrice Interlichia
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009

Myostatin Negatively Regulates Cardiac Muscle Growth Development And Performance written by Jillian Patrice Interlichia and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Muscles categories.

Effects Of Myostatin Depletion On Muscle Contractile Properties In Middle Aged Mice

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Author : Aditi Jayaram
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009

Effects Of Myostatin Depletion On Muscle Contractile Properties In Middle Aged Mice written by Aditi Jayaram and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.

Myostatin is a growth factor that is known to regulate muscle content, where a decrease in myostatin expression causes an increase in muscle mass. The effects of myostatin deficiency on the contractile properties of post-developmental myostatin deletion in adult mice have not yet been studied. We measured contractile properties in the fast-type extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow-type soleus muscles in 12 - 18 month old inducible myostatin knockout compared to control mice. Myostatin was deleted by tamoxifen administration when mice were 4 months old. We hypothesized that muscle mass and maximum tetanic force output (Po) would be significantly increased in myostatin null mice, but that specific force (sPo) would be decreased. Myostatin deletion was also hypothesized to increase in muscle injury following eccentric contractions. Po force output was increased by myostatin deletion in the EDL, but was unexpectedly in decreased soleus muscle. Myostatin deletion decreased sPo in both EDL and soleus muscles, as previously reported. Following five eccentric lengthening contractions, the EDL muscle of myostatin deficit mice showed significantly more damage. Damage to the soleus muscle was similar across genotypes, implying that the EDL is more susceptible to damage following myostatin deletion. These results indicate that myostatin depletion in middle aged mice influences muscle mass and its contractibility, and supports the possible use of anti-myostatin therapy in various conditions associated with muscle atrophy.

Discovery And Characterization Of A Novel Myostatin In Zebrafish

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Author : Tovah Briana Kerr
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005

Discovery And Characterization Of A Novel Myostatin In Zebrafish written by Tovah Briana Kerr and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Muscle cells categories.

The Regulation Of Skeletal Muscle Growth Via The Myostatin Signalling Pathway

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Author : Mohammad Al Khalaf
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010

The Regulation Of Skeletal Muscle Growth Via The Myostatin Signalling Pathway written by Mohammad Al Khalaf and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.

Myostatin

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Author : Wayne Gregory Somers
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1999

Myostatin written by Wayne Gregory Somers and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Cattle categories.