Nanomaterial Enabled Manufacturing For Next Generation Multifunctional Advanced Composite Prepreg Laminate Architectures
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Nanomaterial Enabled Manufacturing For Next Generation Multifunctional Advanced Composite Prepreg Laminate Architectures
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Author : Jeonyoon Lee
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Nanomaterial Enabled Manufacturing For Next Generation Multifunctional Advanced Composite Prepreg Laminate Architectures written by Jeonyoon Lee and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
Manufacturing of advanced aerospace-grade structural composites has traditionally utilized autoclaves to impart heat and pressure, in addition to vacuum, to create high-quality, void (defect)- free, reproducible structures. Carbon (micro) fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites, which are pre-impregnated with a thermoset or thermoplastic polymer to form prepreg sheets, are in widespread use via autoclave processing due to their ease of use and high fiber volume fraction. However, autoclaves have high capital costs, and incur high operating costs due to the convective heating and applied pressure. Furthermore, the fixed capacity of an autoclave limits the size and design of composite parts, and the production rate is limited by autoclave availability. As a result, there has been an increasing interest in the development of alternatives, for example, out-of-autoclave (OoA) specially-formulated prepregs that only require heat and vacuum (i.e., pressure is not required). OoA prepreg processing also has drawbacks due to their specialized morphological and chemical formulation for vacuum-only conditions, as well as part quality (especially, composite interlaminar properties) that is below autoclave-processed materials. In light of the limitations described above, this dissertation (1) develops a novel prepreg processing technique, termed 'out-of- oven' (OoO) curing, that conductively cures OoA prepregs via nanoengineered resistive heating; (2) expands the applicability of the OoO process to conventional autoclave-formulated prepregs; and (3) introduces multifunctionality in the form of cure status sensing. Characteristics of the OoO process using a CNT film as a heating element are first examined and compared to those of an oven curing process, focusing on an aerospace-grade OoA-formulated unidirectional aerospace-grade CFRP prepreg system. Thermophysical and mechanical property comparisons suggest that there is no difference in laminates cured via OoO and oven curing as evaluated by void content, degree of cure analysis, short beam shear interlaminar testing, dynamic mechanical analysis, and double-edge notch tensile testing. The OoO process reduces electrical energy consumption by two orders of magnitude (from 13.7 to 0.12 MJ) due to conductive vs. convective heating, under a typical industrial curing condition for a small (60 mm x 50 mm) test panel. Modeling shows that for parts beyond a meter-scale, energy savings will also be at least two orders of magnitude. Moreover, comparative finite element modeling of the OoO and oven curing shows excellent agreement with measured values, including the reduction in electrical energy and instantaneous power consumption. Altogether, these findings show that OoO curing works for OoA prepreg systems, with significant energy savings. Given the results of the first study, the next study effectively removes the need for an autoclave by adapting the OoO process to conventional autoclave-formulated prepreg systems that currently require applied pressure of ~700 kPa in addition to vacuum. This technique entails OoO curing plus insertion of a nanoporous network (NPN, e.g., vertically aligned CNT arrays) into the interlaminar regions of autoclave-formulated composite laminates. Capillary pressure due to the NPN is calculated to be of the same order as the pressure applied in conventional autoclave processing. Results show that capillary-enhanced polymer wetting by the NPN enables sufficient reduction of interlaminar voids to levels commensurate with autoclave-processed composites. Thermophysical property comparisons and short beam shear interlaminar strength testing show that OoO-processed composites with NPN are equivalent to those of autoclave-cured composites, with energy and other savings similar to OoO curing with OoA prepreg in the first study. Conformability of the NPN to the micron-scale topology of the prepreg surface, and continuous vacuum channels created by the NPN, are identified as key factors underlying interlaminar void reduction. Finally, this dissertation introduces a multifunctional aspect of the OoO manufacturing: an in situ cure status monitoring technique utilizing the nanostructured CNT-based heating element of the OoO process. The OoO heating elements are nanoporous and CNT-based, but in this study have different morphology (randomly-oriented or in-plane aligned CNTs) than the NPN (vertically aligned CNTs, A-CNTs). As OoO curing proceeds and the heating element is powered, the adjacent polymer flows into the nanoporous heater via capillary action. Based on cure status sensing experiments and theoretical models, it is found that electrical resistance changes of the heating element correspond to several mechanisms associated with different stages in the cure process, including polymer infiltration into the CNT network that causes the average CNT-CNT junction distance to increase, giving a resistance increase. Later in the manufacturing, as the polymer cross-linking occurs after infiltration into the heating element, chemical cure shrinkage decreases the CNT-CNT junction distance, leading to a decrease in resistance. Thus, the heating element is multifunctional as a cure status sensor, and is found to be highly repeatable, demonstrating a new capability to enhance both quality and productivity of composite manufacturing. OoO curing and related processing techniques introduced here are expected to contribute to the design and manufacturing of next-generation multifunctional composite architectures. These processing techniques have several advantages, including: (1) compatibility with a wide range of composite materials, including OoA- and autoclave-formulated prepregs; (2) removal of size and shape constraints on composite components imposed by the use of a heating vessel; (3) manufacturing cost savings by efficient conductive (as opposed to convective) thermal processing; (4) production improvements via the in situ cure status monitoring by multifunctional heating elements as cure sensors; and (5) the potential for spatial heating control to accommodate structural features such as thick and thin transitions. Future work will expand the techniques to thermoplastics and other high-temperature polymers. The OoO techniques are expected to enable several systems-level production and operational savings, such as accelerated cure cycles, that require further study. Other areas of exploration include on-site composite curing and repair, and leveraging the spatial control of heat flux from the OoO technique into other OoA composite processes, such as resin infusion and resin transfer molding.
Polymeric Nanocomposites With Carbonaceous Nanofillers For Aerospace Applications
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Author : Ayesha Kausar
language : en
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
Release Date : 2022-10-06
Polymeric Nanocomposites With Carbonaceous Nanofillers For Aerospace Applications written by Ayesha Kausar and has been published by Woodhead Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-10-06 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Polymeric Nanocomposites with Carbonaceous Nanofillers for Aerospace Applications offers a comprehensive paperback on the aerospace relevance of polymer/carbonaceous nanofiller-based nanocomposite. This manuscript summarizes all specific information on the design, fabrication and application areas of aerospace industry that employ polymer/carbonaceous nanofiller-based nanocomposites. In addition, it points to the potential of aeronautical nanocomposites towards lightning strike, radiation shielding, anti-corrosion, electronic/optical features, thermal management, antistatic application, self-healing aptitude, and green nanocomposites. The modeling of mechanical and essential properties of aerospace nanocomposites is also discussed, along with challenges and future forecasts of polymer/carbonaceous nanofiller nanocomposites. Focuses on essential aerospace composites, carbonaceous nanofillers, and ensuing polymer/carbonaceous nanofiller-based nanocomposites Explores indispensable properties of aeronautical nanocomposites, modeling of physical properties, and combined influence of carbonaceous nanofillers and carbon fibers on space material properties Includes up-to-date technical applications of polymer/carbonaceous nanofiller-based nanocomposites in design, mechanical robustness, heat resistance, non-flammability, anti-corrosion, radiation shielding, lightning strike prevention, electronic/optical features, antistatic application, self-healing, thermal management, and green nanocomposites for aeronautical relevance
Experimental Nanoengineering Of Multifunctionality Into An Advanced Composite Laminate
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Author : Palak B. Patel
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Experimental Nanoengineering Of Multifunctionality Into An Advanced Composite Laminate written by Palak B. Patel and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
Advanced structural fiber composite materials have lightweight, multi-directional, and tailorable properties which are vital for weight-critical applications such as aerospace vehicles. Nanoengineered aerospace-grade composites have been developed to have integrated multifunctionalities while ensuring maintained, or even enhanced, mechanical properties, without significant changes in the dimension or weight of the composite system. While integrating individual multifunctionalities into such composites has been demonstrated in a limited set of cases, integrating more than one multifunctionality has not yet been explored. This thesis focuses on the manufacturing and characterization of a nanoengineered integrated multifunctional composite (IMC), that would enable the inclusion of more than one multifunctional capability, while maintaining or enhancing structural function. To this end, a glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) unidirectional-ply composite laminate was nanoengineered with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the composite's interlaminar regions and surfaces, to produce the IMC. A preliminary study, focusing on the compatibility of CNTs in GFRP and on enhancing the laminate's structural function, determined the preferred CNT architectures to reinforce the interlaminar regions and enable various multifunctionalities. The IMC integrated a commercial CNT film on the outer surfaces and two preferred architectures in the interlaminar region: a 10 μm aligned carbon nanotube (A-CNT) film (termed nanostitch) and a patterned and coherently buckled A-CNT film (termed nanostitch 2.0). The resulting IMCs had an equivalent quality (no detectable voids, insignificant difference in the laminate thickness and interlaminar thickness) to the baseline GFRP system, while demonstrating maintained or enhanced mechanical performance. Relative to the baseline, the IMCs h ave enhanced (∼5%) interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and maintained notched tensile strength with equivalent damage progression as revealed through in situ testing using synchrotron radiation computed tomography (SRCT). The IMCs demonstrated here, with electrically and thermally conductive interlaminar regions and surfaces, support future demonstrations of multifunctionalities through a composite system designed to serve independent yet synergistic functionalities in life-cycle enhancement, energy savings during manufacturing, in situ cure (manufacturing) monitoring, Joule heating ice protection system (IPS) applications, and in-service damage sensing, among others.
Advanced Composites Manufacturing
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Author : Timothy G. Gutowski
language : en
Publisher: Wiley-Interscience
Release Date : 1997-08-01
Advanced Composites Manufacturing written by Timothy G. Gutowski and has been published by Wiley-Interscience this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997-08-01 with Technology & Engineering categories.
A state-of-the-art look at advanced composites processing and manufacturing-from leading academic and industry experts Advanced Composites Manufacturing combines cutting-edge coverage of the scientific fundamentals of composites processing with an in-depth treatment of the major manufacturing processes for advanced composite materials. Complete with important information on such key issues as new processing areas, manufacturing process control, deformation forming, and cost-control strategies, this unique reference is essential reading for materials scientists, researchers, and engineers across a range of industry sectors. Topics covered include: * The Processing Science of Reactive Polymer Composites. * The Processing Science of Thermoplastic Composites. * The Elastic Deformation of Fiber Bundles. * Processing of Textile Preforms. * The Autoclave Processing of Composites. * Pultrusion of Composites. * Forming of Advanced Composites. * Filament Winding Process Model for Thermosetting Matrix Composites. * Liquid Composite Molding. * Process Control of Thermosetting Composites. * Joining of Composites. * Cost, Automation, and Design .
Composites Manufacturing
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Author : Sanjay Mazumdar
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2001-12-27
Composites Manufacturing written by Sanjay Mazumdar and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-12-27 with Technology & Engineering categories.
More and more companies manufacture reinforced composite products. To meet the market need, researchers and industries are developing manufacturing methods without a reference that thoroughly covers the manufacturing guidelines. Composites Manufacturing: Materials, Product, and Process Engineering fills this void. The author presents a fundamental
New Composite Materials
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Author : Domenico Brigante
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-11-11
New Composite Materials written by Domenico Brigante and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-11 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This timely volume presents a range of critical topics on the use of composite materials in civil engineering; industrial, commercial, and residential structures; and historic buildings. Structural strengthening techniques based on composite materials, including, but not limited to, fiber-reinforced polymers, fiber-reinforced glasses, steel-reinforced polymers, and steel-reinforced glasses represent a practice employed internationally and have become an important component in the restoration of buildings impacted by natural hazards and other destructive forces. New Composite Materials: Selection, Design, and Application stands as a highly relevant and diverse effort, distinct from other technical publications dealing with building issues. The book focuses extensively on characterization of techniques employed for structural restoration and examines in detail an assortment of materials such as concrete, wood, masonry, and steel.
High Performance Composite Structures
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Author : A. Praveen Kumar
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-12-08
High Performance Composite Structures written by A. Praveen Kumar and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-12-08 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book covers advanced 3D printing processes and the latest developments in novel composite-based printing materials, thus enabling the reader to understand and benefit from the advantages of this groundbreaking technology. The rise in ecological anxieties has forced scientists and researchers from all over the world to find novel lightweight materials. Therefore, it is necessary to expand knowledge about the processing, applications, and challenges of 3D printing of composite materials to expanding the range of their application. This book presents an extensive survey on recent improvements in the research and development of additive manufacturing technologies that are used to make composite structures for various applications such as electronic, aerospace, construction, and biomedical applications. Advanced printing techniques including fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), selective laser melting (SLM), electron beam melting (EBM), inkjet 3D printing (3DP), stereolithography (SLA), and 3D plotting will be covered and discussed thoroughly in this book. This book also focuses the recent advances and challenges in polymer nanocomposite and introduces potential applications of these materials in various sectors.
3d Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites
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Author : L. Tong
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2002-11-20
3d Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites written by L. Tong and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-11-20 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are used in almost every type of advanced engineering structure, with their usage ranging from aircraft, helicopters and spacecraft through to boats, ships and offshore platforms and to automobiles, sports goods, chemical processing equipment and civil infrastructure such as bridges and buildlings. The usage of FRP composites continues to grow at an impessive rate as these materials are used more in their existing markets and become established in relatively new markets such as biomedical devices and civil structures. A key factor driving the increased applications of composites over the recent years is the development of new advanced forms of FRP materials. This includes developments in high performance resin systems and new styles of reinforcement, such as carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles. This book provides an up-to-date account of the fabrication, mechanical properties, delamination resistance, impact tolerance and applications of 3D FRP composites. The book focuses on 3D composites made using the textile technologies of weaving, braiding, knitting and stiching as well as by z-pinning.
Materials For Advanced Packaging
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Author : Daniel Lu
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-11-18
Materials For Advanced Packaging written by Daniel Lu and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-11-18 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Significant progress has been made in advanced packaging in recent years. Several new packaging techniques have been developed and new packaging materials have been introduced. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in this industry, particularly in the areas of microelectronics, optoelectronics, digital health, and bio-medical applications. The book discusses established techniques, as well as emerging technologies, in order to provide readers with the most up-to-date developments in advanced packaging.
Composite Materials
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Author : Kamal K. Kar
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-10-14
Composite Materials written by Kamal K. Kar and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-10-14 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Composite materials are used as substitutions of metals/traditional materials in aerospace, automotive, civil, mechanical and other industries. The present book collects the current knowledge and recent developments in the characterization and application of composite materials. To this purpose the volume describes the outstanding properties of this class of advanced material which recommend it for various industrial applications.