Natural Gas As A Future Fuel For Heavy Duty Vehicles
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Natural Gas As A Future Fuel For Heavy Duty Vehicles
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
Natural Gas As A Future Fuel For Heavy Duty Vehicles written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with categories.
In addition to their significant environmental impacts, medium-duty and heavy-duty (HD) vehicles are high volume fuel users. Development of such vehicles, which include transit buses, refuse trucks, and HD Class 6-8 trucks, that are fueled with natural gas is strategic to market introduction of natural gas vehicles (NGV). Over the past five years the Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies (OHVT) has funded technological developments in NGV systems to support the growth of this sector in the highly competitive transportation market. The goals are to minimize emissions associated with NGV use, to improve on the economies of scale, and to continue supporting the testing and safety assessments of all new systems. This paper provides an overview of the status of major projects under a program supported by DOE/OHVT and managed by Brookhaven National Laboratory. The discussion focuses on the program's technical strategy in meeting specific goals proposed by the N GV industry and the government. Relevant projects include the development of low-cost fuel storage, fueling infrastructure, and HD vehicle applications.
Reducing Fuel Consumption And Greenhouse Gas Emissions Of Medium And Heavy Duty Vehicles Phase Two
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Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2020-06-15
Reducing Fuel Consumption And Greenhouse Gas Emissions Of Medium And Heavy Duty Vehicles Phase Two written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-06-15 with Science categories.
Medium- and heavy-duty trucks, motor coaches, and transit buses - collectively, "medium- and heavy-duty vehicles", or MHDVs - are used in every sector of the economy. The fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of MHDVs have become a focus of legislative and regulatory action in the past few years. This study is a follow-on to the National Research Council's 2010 report, Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium-and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. That report provided a series of findings and recommendations on the development of regulations for reducing fuel consumption of MHDVs. On September 15, 2011, NHTSA and EPA finalized joint Phase I rules to establish a comprehensive Heavy-Duty National Program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption for on-road medium- and heavy-duty vehicles. As NHTSA and EPA began working on a second round of standards, the National Academies issued another report, Reducing the Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Phase Two: First Report, providing recommendations for the Phase II standards. This third and final report focuses on a possible third phase of regulations to be promulgated by these agencies in the next decade.
Fuel Economy Emission And Economics Analysis Of Alternative Fueled Medium And Heavy Duty Vehicles
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Author : Lin Zhu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Fuel Economy Emission And Economics Analysis Of Alternative Fueled Medium And Heavy Duty Vehicles written by Lin Zhu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
The US EPA and NHTSA jointly adopted greenhouse gas emission and fuel economy regulations for medium- and heavy-duty trucks. In the regulations, detailed advanced technology options are described with corresponding fuel economy and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission improvement goals. Alternative fuel/powertrains are the primary options available to satisfy the regulations.In this thesis, natural gas, electricity, and hydrogen fuels, as well as diesel-hybrid electric powertrains, are evaluated with respect to their fuel economy and cost. Detailed vehicle models were constructed for use with the ADVISOR models and typical driving cycles were used to simulate heavy-duty and medium-duty truck operation in urban and long haul applications. Breakeven fuel prices for various fuel/powertrain combinations were calculated and compared with reference fuel prices, in order to determine the economic attractiveness of each combination. Scenario based on Model Year (MY) 2010-2013 and projected MY 2025-2030 were developed in order to evaluate the current and future market potential for each fuel/powertrain combination. Using today's vehicle attributes (MY 2010-2013) for Class 8 trucks, the results indicated that CNG vehicles were more economically attractive than LNG vehicles for both conventional powertrains and hybrid-electric powertrains. For similar driving distances, CNG vehicles had slightly lower fuel economy than their LNG counterparts but a much lower initial cost difference because of the lower cost of CNG on-board gas storage. For medium-duty trucks, the economics results indicated that CNG conventional trucks are attractive in most urban applications for a broad range of VMT and payback time combinations. CNG-hybrid vehicles were attractive for annual travel less than 26,000 miles and paybacks of less than three years. The other fuel/powertrain combinations were not attractive because the fuel cost savings with fuels other than diesel did not compensate for the high initial cost differentials associated with the alternative powertrains. However, those EVs emit least GHG, reducing 35% and 45% CO2 emission compared to baseline vehicles, for heavy-duty and medium-duty vehicles, respectively.In the future scenarios (MY 2025-2030), future Class 8 trucks achieve 74% better fuel economy on average than today's vehicles (MY 2010-2013). The most economically attractive option for Class 8 trucks in the 2030 scenario was the diesel hybrid-electric. The natural gas conventional and natural gas hybrid-electric vehicles were also generally superior to the updated diesel technology, with the CNG SI vehicles being somewhat more attractive than the LNG vehicles. The fuel cell vehicles are attractive for most applications if the cost of hydrogen is less than about $5/kg. All the powertrains having low speed, electric drive capability are attractive for the port applications. For the medium-duty delivery trucks in 2030, the economics analyses indicated that most of the fuel/powertrain combinations were attractive with the advanced technologies, primarily due to the reductions in the component costs. The fuel cell trucks are economically attractive for almost all applications if the cost of hydrogen is less than about $6/kg. The CNG conventional and hybrid-electric trucks are also attractive under a number of circumstances especially in urban applications. Even the battery powered trucks are economically viable for a three year payback and electricity less than about 12 cents/kWh in urban applications. These results indicate that it is valuable to start investing in alternative fueled vehicles now with a view toward the future. Natural gas vehicles, especially those using compressed gas storage, are good alternative options in the short-term. Given expected technology and cost improvements in batteries and fuel cells, in the long run electric and fuel cell vehicles are the most promising future fuel/powertrain options.
Natural Gas And Renewable Methane For Powertrains
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Author : Richard van Basshuysen
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-02-04
Natural Gas And Renewable Methane For Powertrains written by Richard van Basshuysen and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-02-04 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book focuses on natural gas and synthetic methane as contemporary and future energy sources. Following a historical overview, physical and chemical properties, occurrence, extraction, transportation and storage of natural gas are discussed. Sustainable production of natural gas and methane as well as production and storage of synthetic methane are scrutinized next. A substantial part of the book addresses construction of vehicles for natural and synthetic methane as well as large engines for industrial and maritime use. The last chapters present some perspectives on further uses of renewable liquid fuels as well as natural gas for industrial engines and gas power plants.
Alternative Fuels For Road Vehicles
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Author : Mark L. Poulton
language : en
Publisher: WIT Press (UK)
Release Date : 1994
Alternative Fuels For Road Vehicles written by Mark L. Poulton and has been published by WIT Press (UK) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Technology & Engineering categories.
"The many alternative fuels that have been reviewed in this book are likely to be of great interest to a broad readership, not only to mechanical, petrochemical and transportation engineers, but anyone with a technical association with the subject. The book covers fuels for the motor vehicle and how they may develop and change in the future. Prospects for conventional petrol and diesel fuels are discussed, including their reformulation, as well as synthetic fuels, vegetable oils and other biofuels, alcohols, gases (LPG, natural gas and hydrogen) and electricity." "This book has been published as a consequence of a programme of study, commissioned by the Chief Mechanical Engineer's Office at the UK Department of Transport, into the contribution of the road vehicle to global warming. A programme of research was placed with the Environment Centre of the Transport Research Laboratory, and one of the individual projects was to investigate the future prospects for conventional and alternative fuels for road vehicles. Implications for the energy and emissions from the whole fuel cycle (from production to distribution and final usage) were considered, but, more importantly, the vehicular fuel consumption (and consequent carbon dioxide emissions) and exhaust emission characteristics were the primary focus of attention." "The structure of this book is such that each chapter describes a particular alternative fuel and is completely self-contained. The reader will be able to cover a particular subject that is of interest without having to refer to other chapters to gain a full understanding of the fuel's characteristics, notable developments and demonstration programmes underway worldwide. One chapter (chapter 10) does provide an overview and inter-comparison of all the fuels discussed, including point-of-use and life cycle emissions, global warming impacts, fuel storage implications and likely costs." "Future advances in conventional engines and the development of alternative power units are discussed in the companion volume to this book, Alternative Engines for Road Vehicles. The future prospects for a range of engines, including conventional petrol and diesel-fuelled units (covering technologies such as two-stroke, lean burn and stratified charge), the rotary engine, gas turbine, Stirling, Rankine (steam engine) and hybrids are assessed for their potential to reduce vehicle emissions and improve fuel economy. Other less well known concepts such as catalytic combustion, the Quadratic (beam) engine, stepped piston and other engine efficiency techniques are also reviewed." --Book Jacket.
Fuels To Drive Our Future
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 1990-01-01
Fuels To Drive Our Future written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990-01-01 with Science categories.
The American love affair with the automobile is powered by gasoline and diesel fuel, both produced from petroleum. But experts are turning more of their attention to alternative sources of liquid transportation fuels, as concerns mount about U.S. dependence on foreign oil, falling domestic oil production, and the environment. This book explores the potential for producing liquid transportation fuels by enhanced oil recovery from existing reservoirs, and processing resources such as coal, oil shale, tar sands, natural gas, and other promising approaches. Fuels to Drive Our Future draws together relevant geological, technical, economic, and environmental factors and recommends specific directions for U.S. research and development efforts on alternative fuel sources. Of special interest is the book's benchmark cost analysis comparing several major alternative fuel production processes. This volume will be of special interest to executives and engineers in the automotive and fuel industries, policymakers, environmental and alternative fuel specialists, energy economists, and researchers.
Natural Gas For Cars And Trucks
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Author : Congressional Research Service
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2014-11-19
Natural Gas For Cars And Trucks written by Congressional Research Service and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-11-19 with categories.
The increase in domestic supplies of natural gas has raised new interest in expanding its use in the transportation sector. This report considers issues related to wider use of natural gas as a fuel in passenger cars and commercial vehicles. The attractiveness of natural gas as a vehicle fuel is premised in large part on its low price (on an energy-equivalent basis) compared to gasoline and diesel fuel. When prices for gasoline and diesel are relatively low or natural gas prices are relatively high, natural-gas-based fuels lose much of their price advantage. While natural gas has other benefits-such as producing lower emissions than gasoline and diesel and protecting users of transportation fuels from the volatility of the international oil market-it is largely the cost advantage, if any, that will determine the future attractiveness of natural gas vehicles. There are a number of technology pathways that could lead to greater use of natural gas in transportation. Some require pressurized systems to use natural gas in a gaseous state, and others convert natural gas to a liquid. Two of the most widely discussed options use compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG). Other technological approaches use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), propane, and hydrogen. In addition, natural gas can be used to generate electricity to power electric vehicles. Increasing the use of natural gas to fuel vehicles would require creation of an extensive nationwide refueling infrastructure. Although a small number of CNG vehicles have been on U.S. roads for more than 20 years, CNG use has been limited to vehicles that return to a central garage for refueling each day, such as refuse trucks, short-haul trucks, and city buses. LNG, on the other hand, requires large insulated tanks to keep the liquefied gas at a very low temperature and is therefore seen as more suitable for long-haul trucks. In both cases, the limited availability of refueling stations has limited the distances and routes these vehicles may travel. Congress has taken a strong interest in spurring production and use of natural gas vehicles. Legislation has been introduced on a wide range of proposals that would equalize the tax treatment of LNG and diesel fuels, provide tax credits for natural gas vehicles and refueling equipment, require the production of vehicles that could run on several different fuels (such as gasoline and CNG), increase federal research and development on natural gas vehicle tank and fuel line technologies, and revise vehicle emission regulations to encourage manufacturers to produce more CNG passenger cars. Legislation pending in the 113th Congress includes proposals that would extend expired tax credits for refueling property and fuel cell vehicles (S. 2260), authorize the use of energy savings performance contracts to support the use of natural gas and electric vehicles (S. 761), and require the U.S. Postal Service to study the feasibility of using natural gas and propane in long-haul trucks (S. 1486).
Transitions To Alternative Vehicles And Fuels
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2013-04-14
Transitions To Alternative Vehicles And Fuels written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-14 with Science categories.
For a century, almost all light-duty vehicles (LDVs) have been powered by internal combustion engines operating on petroleum fuels. Energy security concerns about petroleum imports and the effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on global climate are driving interest in alternatives. Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels assesses the potential for reducing petroleum consumption and GHG emissions by 80 percent across the U.S. LDV fleet by 2050, relative to 2005. This report examines the current capability and estimated future performance and costs for each vehicle type and non-petroleum-based fuel technology as options that could significantly contribute to these goals. By analyzing scenarios that combine various fuel and vehicle pathways, the report also identifies barriers to implementation of these technologies and suggests policies to achieve the desired reductions. Several scenarios are promising, but strong, and effective policies such as research and development, subsidies, energy taxes, or regulations will be necessary to overcome barriers, such as cost and consumer choice.
The Heavy Duty Vehicle Future In The United States
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
The Heavy Duty Vehicle Future In The United States written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Here, we present a parametric analysis of factors that can influence advanced fuel and technology deployments in U.S. Class 7-8 trucks through 2050. The analysis focuses on the competition between traditional diesel trucks, natural gas vehicles (NGVs), and ultra-efficient powertrains. Underlying the study is a vehicle choice and stock model of the U.S. heavy-duty vehicle market. Moreover, the model is segmented by vehicle class, body type, powertrain, fleet size, and operational type. We find that conventional diesel trucks will dominate the market through 2050, but NGVs could have significant market penetration depending on key technological and economic uncertainties. Compressed natural gas trucks conducting urban trips in fleets that can support private infrastructure are economically viable now and will continue to gain market share. Ultra-efficient diesel trucks, exemplified by the U.S. Department of Energy's SuperTruck program, are the preferred alternative in the long haul segment, but could compete with liquefied natural gas (LNG) trucks if the fuel price differential between LNG and diesel increases. However, the greatest impact in reducing petroleum consumption and pollutant emissions is had by investing in efficiency technologies that benefit all powertrains, especially the conventional diesels that comprise the majority of the stock, instead of incentivizing specific alternatives.
Abc S Of Afv S
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Author : Bob Aldrich
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 1997-07
Abc S Of Afv S written by Bob Aldrich and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997-07 with Alternative fuel vehicles categories.
An overview of alternative fuel vehicles. Includes chapters on: regulations and requirements in the U.S. and California; electric vehicles; ethanol-powered/flexible fuel vehicles; methanol-powered/flexible fuel vehicles; natural gas -powered vehicles; propane/LPG-powered vehicles; heavy-duty vehicles and engines; other alternative and clean fuels; locations of alternative fuel facilities; and the future of alternative fuel research. Glossary and bibliography. Tables, contact lists and maps.