Neural Mechanisms Of Perceptual Decision Making
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Neuroeconomics
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Author : Joshua I. Gold
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-08-13
Neuroeconomics written by Joshua I. Gold and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-08-13 with Medical categories.
Perceptual decisions are deliberative processes that convert noisy neural representations of sensory input into categorical judgments. Because these decisions are amenable to laboratory study, there has been considerable progress in understanding their underlying neural mechanisms. Using a combination of psychophysics, mathematical theory, and physiological measurements in behaving subjects, particularly monkeys, researchers have begun to identify neural substrates for both the representation of sensory input and the readout of that representation to form the categorical judgment. More recent work combining psychophysics with functional neuroimaging is extending these results to understand how and where in the human brain these deliberative decision processes are implemented. In addition to confirming similar basic mechanisms in monkeys and humans, this work is providing new insights into how these processes relate directly to other, more varied and more complex forms of decision making.
Neural Mechanisms Of Perceptual Decision Making
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Author : Braden A. Purcell
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Neural Mechanisms Of Perceptual Decision Making written by Braden A. Purcell and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Electronic dissertations categories.
The Neural Mechanisms Of Perceptual Decision Making
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Author : Tiffany Cheing Ho
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
The Neural Mechanisms Of Perceptual Decision Making written by Tiffany Cheing Ho and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Decision making categories.
Perceptual decision making (PDM) involves choosing one option among several on the basis of sensory evidence and is a highly adaptive mechanism for organisms to successfully interact with their environments. Such a choice requires integrating and interpreting sensory information for the purpose of guiding subsequent behavior (e.g., seeing a ball move rightward and veering accordingly to catch it). Typical single-unit recording studies examining PDM utilize simple sensorimotor tasks (e.g., a macaque views a noisy array of dots moving in one of two possible directions and deploys a saccade in the chosen - and presumably, perceived - direction) in order to parse various aspects of PDM. With the aid of mathematical models, these experiments have found that the activity of individual neurons involved in motor response generation comprises perceptual decisions, and that PDM can be formalized as an accumulation of sensory evidence towards a particular choice (as represented by an increase in neuronal firing rate) until some threshold is reached. Explaining the mechanisms of PDM at the level of neural populations and linking ensemble patterns of neural activity to perception, however, still remains unclear. With a combination of visual psychophysics, neuroimaging, and modeling, I present a set of studies that examines the neural correlates subserving PDM in human cortex (Experiment 1), clarifies the relationship between sensory representations in visual cortex and perceptual performance (Experiment 2), and tests the behavioral predictions derived from single-cell recordings (Experiment 3). These findings both challenge and confirm some of the previous neurophysiological work: Experiment 1 provides evidence of a neural mechanism of PDM not based purely on oculomotor regions, Experiment 2 shows that the optimality of activation patterns in visual cortex predicts task performance, and Experiment 3 illustrates that attentional manipulations influence perception in a manner consistent with the enhancement and suppression of distinct neural populations predicted from single-unit recordings. Furthermore, these studies demonstrate the utility of model-based cognitive neuroscience in quantifying psychological processes of interest for each individual and relating between-subject differences with corresponding brain measurements.
Neural Mechanisms Of Perceptual Decision Making In The Fruit Fly
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Author : Long Hei Timothy Wong
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Neural Mechanisms Of Perceptual Decision Making In The Fruit Fly written by Long Hei Timothy Wong and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
Dynamics Of Human Decision Making
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Author : Koeun Lim
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Dynamics Of Human Decision Making written by Koeun Lim and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
When making daily decisions, people naturally ask two questions: how soon can I make a decision, and is it a good decision? In experimental setting, humans can subjectively yet quantitatively assess choice confidence (i.e. how good) based on their perceptual precision even when a decision is made without an immediate reward or feedback. Such choice confidence has been shown to have a non-monotonic relationship with decision time (i.e. how soon), such that choice confidence can be correlated either positively or negatively with decision time depending on how decision time is constrained. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the interaction between choice confidence and decision time during perceptual decision-making are still unclear. Hence, the goals of this research were to (1) develop dynamic computational models and to (2) find neural representations of choice confidence in human scalp potentials. The dynamic models of choice confidence were developed by merging two parallel conceptual frameworks of decision-making, signal detection theory and sequential analyses (i.e., drift diffusion model). Specifically, in order to capture the end-point statistics of binary choice and confidence, we built on a previous study that defined choice confidence in terms of psychophysics derived from signal detection theory. At the same time, we augmented this mathematical model to include accumulator dynamics of a drift-diffusion model to characterize the time-dependence of choice behaviors in a standard forced-choice paradigm. Twelve human subjects performed a subjective visual vertical task, simultaneously reporting binary orientation choice and probabilistic confidence. Both binary choice and confidence experimental data displayed statistics and dynamics consistent with both signal detection theory and evidence accumulation, respectively. Specifically, the computational simulations showed that the unbounded evidence accumulator model fits the confidence data better than the classical bounded model while bounded and unbounded models were indistinguishable for binary choice data. These results suggest that the brain can utilize mechanisms consistent with signal detection theory to assess confidence when observation duration is externally controlled. As a neural mechanism that binds choice action and confidence, a fronto-parietal network has been implicated. Such bi-local neural circuitry is consistent with dual-route model of metacognition, in which the prefrontal cortex supervises and evaluates objectlevel parietal cortex. However, the neural dynamics underlying the interaction between choice confidence and decision time in the fronto-parietal network during the perceptual decision-making have yet to be elucidated. Here we show in fifteen human subjects that choice confidence contributes to frontal event-related potential (ERP) during a predecisional stage when choice accuracy is emphasized over speed during a free response task. We found that the second positive peak, particularly the curvature, of the stimuluslocked frontal ERP at 400-600ms covaries with confidence while the amplitude of the centro-parietal ERP increases with faster decision response time during the same time interval. This finding provides evidence for a causal role of confidence in perceptual decision-making, complementing earlier ERP evidence supporting a retrospective role. Altogether, these results suggest that an internal representation of choice confidence evolves concurrently with choice action prior to reporting a decision. Furthermore, the non-monotonic dynamics of confidence arise from its dual roles that may be determined by the prior expectation of decision time constraint. In other words, the causal role of confidence may underlie the negative correlations between choice confidence and decision time behaviors while the retrospective role may underlie the positive correlations.
Neural Mechanisms For Forming And Terminating A Perceptual Decision
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Author : Gabriel Stine
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Neural Mechanisms For Forming And Terminating A Perceptual Decision written by Gabriel Stine and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
These observations led me to hypothesize that bursts in SC are the product of a threshold computation involved in terminating the decision and generating the relevant motor response. I confirmed this hypothesis through focal inactivation of SC, which affected behavior and LIP activity in a way that is diagnostic of an impaired threshold mechanism. In total, this work improves our ability to identify the hidden, intermediate steps that underlie decisions and sheds light on their neural basis. All four chapters have been published or posted as separate manuscripts (Steinemann et al., 2022; Stine et al., 2020; Stine et al., 2022; Stine et al., 2019).
Neural Dynamics Of Probabilistic Perceptual Decision Making In The Human Brain
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Author : Nuttida Rungratsameetaweemana
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Neural Dynamics Of Probabilistic Perceptual Decision Making In The Human Brain written by Nuttida Rungratsameetaweemana and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
Our visual world is full of ambiguous sensory signals, from which we have to extract relevant and meaningful information in order to guide optimal actions. To maximize the efficiency of this process, our visual system relies on foreknowledge to prioritize the processing of relevant or expected features. Knowledge of statistical regularities in the environment can lead to faster detection and recognition of objects when they are encountered in an expected context (e.g., a bird in a backyard) than when they are encountered in unlikely context (e.g., a bird in a washing machine). In addition, knowledge about the current task goals can also support faster and more accurate processing of relevant over irrelevant items--a mechanism referred to as selective attention. In what manner do these "top down" modulatory factors individually and jointly affect visual sensory processing, decision making, and behavior? In three studies, we examined how perceptual decision making is modulated by prior expectation about stimulus probabilities alone and in the context where knowledge about the current behavioral goals were available. We examined these effects both neurally via electroencephalography (EEG) and behaviorally through psychophysics and also in amnesic patients in relation to age-matched controls. To this end, we first devised an experimental paradigm where prior expectation and selective attention could be individually manipulated. The behavioral readouts from this paradigm were continuous which made it possible for the temporal evolution of the effects of expectation and attention on decision process to be probed both behaviorally and in relation to the continuous neural (EEG) measures. We first demonstrated that prior expectation improves decision processes by primarily affecting post-perceptual operations such as initiation and execution of motor responses, instead of directly improving the efficiency of early sensory processing. This finding confirms an idea that has been put forth by traditional theoretical framework that prior expectation affects decision making by preferentially modulating motor responses that correspond to sensory inputs with high probability of occurring. Further, we showed that while both expectation and attention improved behavior, the underlying neural mechanisms that give rise to these effects differed: while attention operates on the early processing of sensory inputs, expectation affects the late stage of decision making by biasing motor responses towards the most likely decision choice. These differential temporal dynamics of expectation and attention were observed both behaviorally and neurally. Finally, we demonstrated that an ability to utilize knowledge about current task goals and to form expectation based on statistical regularities of the sensory environment can be independent of a declarative memory system.
Neuroscience Of Preference And Choice
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Author : Raymond J. Dolan
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2012
Neuroscience Of Preference And Choice written by Raymond J. Dolan and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Business & Economics categories.
One of the most pressing questions in neuroscience, psychology and economics today is how does the brain generate preferences and make choices? With a unique interdisciplinary approach, this volume is among the first to explore the cognitive and neural mechanisms mediating the generation of the preferences that guide choice. From preferences determining mundane purchases, to social preferences influencing mating choice, through to moral decisions, the authors adopt diverse approaches to answer the question. Chapters explore the instability of preferences and the common neural processes that occur across preferences. Edited by one of the world's most renowned cognitive neuroscientists, each chapter is authored by an expert in the field, with a host of international contributors. Emphasis on common process underlying preference generation makes material applicable to a variety of disciplines - neuroscience, psychology, economics, law, philosophy, etc. Offers specific focus on how preferences are generated to guide decision making, carefully examining one aspect of the broad field of neuroeconomics and complementing existing volumes Features outstanding, international scholarship, with chapters written by an expert in the topic area
Neuroeconomics
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Author : Paul W. Glimcher
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2013-08-13
Neuroeconomics written by Paul W. Glimcher and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-08-13 with Psychology categories.
In the years since it first published, Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain has become the standard reference and textbook in the burgeoning field of neuroeconomics. The second edition, a nearly complete revision of this landmark book, will set a new standard. This new edition features five sections designed to serve as both classroom-friendly introductions to each of the major subareas in neuroeconomics, and as advanced synopses of all that has been accomplished in the last two decades in this rapidly expanding academic discipline. The first of these sections provides useful introductions to the disciplines of microeconomics, the psychology of judgment and decision, computational neuroscience, and anthropology for scholars and students seeking interdisciplinary breadth. The second section provides an overview of how human and animal preferences are represented in the mammalian nervous systems. Chapters on risk, time preferences, social preferences, emotion, pharmacology, and common neural currencies—each written by leading experts—lay out the foundations of neuroeconomic thought. The third section contains both overview and in-depth chapters on the fundamentals of reinforcement learning, value learning, and value representation. The fourth section, “The Neural Mechanisms for Choice, integrates what is known about the decision-making architecture into state-of-the-art models of how we make choices. The final section embeds these mechanisms in a larger social context, showing how these mechanisms function during social decision-making in both humans and animals. The book provides a historically rich exposition in each of its chapters and emphasizes both the accomplishments and the controversies in the field. A clear explanatory style and a single expository voice characterize all chapters, making core issues in economics, psychology, and neuroscience accessible to scholars from all disciplines. The volume is essential reading for anyone interested in neuroeconomics in particular or decision making in general. Editors and contributing authors are among the acknowledged experts and founders in the field, making this the authoritative reference for neuroeconomics Suitable as an advanced undergraduate or graduate textbook as well as a thorough reference for active researchers Introductory chapters on economics, psychology, neuroscience, and anthropology provide students and scholars from any discipline with the keys to understanding this interdisciplinary field Detailed chapters on subjects that include reinforcement learning, risk, inter-temporal choice, drift-diffusion models, game theory, and prospect theory make this an invaluable reference Published in association with the Society for Neuroeconomics—www.neuroeconomics.org Full-color presentation throughout with numerous carefully selected illustrations to highlight key concepts
Sensorimotor Transformation And Information Coding Across Cortex During Perceptual Decisions
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Author : Gerald Norman Pho
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Sensorimotor Transformation And Information Coding Across Cortex During Perceptual Decisions written by Gerald Norman Pho and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Perceptual decision-making is an important and experimentally tractable paradigm for uncovering general principles of neural information processing and cognitive function. While the process of mapping sensory stimuli onto motor actions may appear to be simple, its neural underpinnings are poorly understood. The goal of this thesis is to better understand the neural mechanisms underlying perceptual decision-making by exploring three major questions: How is decision-relevant information encoded across the cortex? What cortical areas are necessary for perceptual decision-making? And finally, what neural mechanisms underlie the mapping of sensory percepts to appropriate motor outputs? We investigated the roles of visual (V1), posterior parietal (PPC), and frontal motor (fMC) cortices of mice during a memory-guided visual decision task. Large-scale calcium imaging revealed that neurons in each area were heterogeneous and spanned all task epochs (stimulus, delay, response). However, information encoding was distinct across regions, with V1 encoding stimulus, fMC encoding choice, and PPC multiplexing the two variables. Optogenetic inhibition during behavior showed that all regions were necessary during the stimulus epoch, but only fMC was required during the delay and response epochs. Stimulus information was therefore rapidly transformed into behavioral choice, requiring V1, PPC, and fMC during the transformation period, but only fMC for maintaining the choice in memory prior to execution. We further investigated whether the role of PPC was specific to visual processing or to sensorimotor transformation. Using calcium imaging during both engaged behavior and passive viewing, we found that unlike V1 neurons, most PPC neurons responded exclusively during task performance, although a minority exhibited contrast-dependent visual responses. By re-training mice on a reversed task contingency, we discovered that neurons in PPC but not V1 reflected the new sensorimotor contingency. Population analyses additionally revealed that task-specific information was represented in a dynamic code in PPC but not in V1. The strong task dependence, heterogeneity, and dynamic coding of PPC activity point to a central role in sensorimotor transformation. By measuring and manipulating activity across multiple cortical regions, we have gained insight into how the cortex processes information during sensorimotor decisions, paving the way for future mechanistic studies using the mouse system.