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Neural Mechanisms Of Sleep And Anaesthesia

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Sleep And Anesthesia

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Author : Axel Hutt
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2011-07-12

Sleep And Anesthesia written by Axel Hutt and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-07-12 with Medical categories.

Sleep and anesthesia resemble in many ways at a first glance. The most prominent common feature of course is the loss of consciousness, i.e. the loss of awareness of external stimuli. However a closer look at the loss of consciousness reveals already a difference between sleep and anesthesia: anesthesia is induced by an anesthetic drug whereas we may fall asleep without external cause. Other questions may arise about the difference of the two effects: do we dream during surgery under anesthesia, do we feel pain during sleep? Essentially, we may ask: what is common and what are the differences between sleep and anesthesia? To answer these questions, we may take a look at the neural origin of both effects and the involved physiological pathways. In which way do they resemble? Moreover, we ask what are the detailed features of normal sleep and general anesthesia as applied during surgery and which features exist in both phenomena? If yes in which way? To receive answers to these questions, it is necessary to consider several experimental techniques that reveal underlying neural mechanisms of sleep and anesthesia. Moreover, theoretical models of neural activity may model both phenomena and comes up with predictions or even theories on the underlying mechanisms. Such models may attack several different description levels, from the microscopic level of single neurons to the macroscopic level of neural populations. Such models may give deeper insight into the phenomena if their assumptions are based on experimental findings and their predictions can be compared to experimental results. This comparison step is essential for valuable theoretical models. The book is motivated by two successful workshops on anesthesia and sleep organized during the Computational Neuroscience Conferences in Toronto in 2007 and in Berlin 2009. It aims to cover all the previous aspects with a focus on the link to experimental findings. It elucidates important issues in theoretical models that at the same time reflect some current major research interests. Moreover it considers some diverse issues which are very important to get an overview of the fields. For instance, the book discusses not only neural activity in the brain but also the effects of general anesthesia on the cardio-vascular system and the spinal cord in the context of analgesia. In addition, it considers different experimental techniques on various spatial scales, such as fMRI and EEG-experiments on the macroscopic scale and single neuron and LFP-measurements on the microscopic scale. In total all book chapters reveal aspects of the neural correlates of sleep and anesthesia motivated by experimental data. This focus on the neural mechanism in the light of experimental data is the common feature of the topics and the chapters. In addition, the book aims to clarify the shared physiological mechanisms of both phenomena, but also reveal their physiological differences.

Neural Mechanisms Of Sleep And Anaesthesia

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Author : Eleonora Steinberg
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015

Neural Mechanisms Of Sleep And Anaesthesia written by Eleonora Steinberg and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.

Neural Mechanisms Of Anesthesia

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Author : Joseph E. Antognini
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2002-08-22

Neural Mechanisms Of Anesthesia written by Joseph E. Antognini and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-08-22 with Medical categories.

Leading investigators critically evaluate the latest information on how anesthetics work at the molecular, cellular, organ, and whole animal level. These distinguished experts review anesthetic effects on memory, consciousness, and movement and spell out in detail both the anatomic structures and physiological processes that are their likely targets, as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which they operate. Comprehensive and authoritative, Neural Mechanisms of Anesthesia draws together and critically reviews all the recent research on anesthetic mechanisms, highlighting the precise routes along which these substances operate, and how this deeper understanding will lead to the design of effective drugs free ofundesirable side effects.

Brain States And Circuit Mechanisms Underlying Sleep And General Anesthesia

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Author : Laura Diane Lewis
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014

Brain States And Circuit Mechanisms Underlying Sleep And General Anesthesia written by Laura Diane Lewis and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.

During sleep and general anesthesia, the brain enters a state of decreased arousal and consciousness is transiently suspended. How this transition occurs is a fundamental and unsolved question in neuroscience. The neural dynamics that disrupt consciousness have not been identified, and the circuit mechanisms that generate these dynamics remain unknown. Furthermore, understanding the neural basis of sleep and anesthesia is key to improving clinical monitoring of patients undergoing general anesthesia and to advancing treatments of sleep disorders and neurological conditions such as coma. In this thesis, I combine intracranial electrophysiology in human subjects with optogenetic manipulation of thalamocortical circuits in mice to identify the neural dynamics underlying sleep and anesthesia. I first show that loss of consciousness during propofol general anesthesia is associated with the abrupt onset of slow oscillations that disrupt cortical networks. I then demonstrate that activation of the thalamic reticular nucleus generates slow wave activity and decreases arousal state, identifying a causal mechanism that generates physiological and behavioral signs of sleep. Finally, I study patients undergoing deep general anesthesia at levels corresponding to medically induced coma, and show that this state is marked by local cortical dynamics consistent with impaired cerebral metabolism. Taken together, these results identify a set of neural dynamics associated with unconscious states, and demonstrate specific mechanisms for how they disrupt brain function. These findings provide new insight into the neuroscience of arousal states, and suggest clinical approaches that could improve patient care.

Anesthetic Pharmacology

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Author : Alex S. Evers
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2011-03-10

Anesthetic Pharmacology written by Alex S. Evers and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-03-10 with Medical categories.

In recent years our understanding of molecular mechanisms of drug action and interindividual variability in drug response has grown enormously. Meanwhile, the practice of anesthesiology has expanded to the preoperative environment and numerous locations outside the OR. Anesthetic Pharmacology: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice, 2nd edition, is an outstanding therapeutic resource in anesthesia and critical care: Section 1 introduces the principles of drug action, Section 2 presents the molecular, cellular and integrated physiology of the target organ/functional system and Section 3 reviews the pharmacology and toxicology of anesthetic drugs. The new Section 4, Therapeutics of Clinical Practice, provides integrated and comparative pharmacology and the practical application of drugs in daily clinical practice. Edited by three highly acclaimed academic anesthetic pharmacologists, with contributions from an international team of experts, and illustrated in full colour, this is a sophisticated, user-friendly resource for all practitioners providing care in the perioperative period.

General Anesthesia From Theory To Experiments

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Author : Axel Hutt
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2016-01-15

General Anesthesia From Theory To Experiments written by Axel Hutt and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-01-15 with Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry categories.

General anesthesia is a standard medical procedure in today's hospital practice. Although in most cases the administration of anesthetics does not affect severely the patients health, side effects of anesthesia are well-known, such as nausea or cognitive impairment. Moreover 1-2 out of 1000 patients under surgery report a partial wake up from anesthesia during the operation. The reason for such a partial lack of control of depth of anesthesia is that medical procedures are highly optimized based on experience but the neural dynamics during general anesthesia is far from being understood. One reason for this lack of understanding is both the complex neural interactions of neurons on different spatial and temporal scales and the poorly understood action of anesthetics on neural populations. For instance, anesthetic agents act on synaptic receptors on a microscopic scale essentially evoking a macroscopic change of population activity, such as Local Field Potentials, EEG/MEG or resulting change of cerebral blood flow. This population effect then triggers the loss of consciousness in patients. This Research Topic aims to address recent theoretical and experimental advances in the field. The theoretical and experimental studies represent a good overview over the current state of research in the field and provides a deeper insight into the underlying neural mechanisms. Each article in the issue focusses on a specific current research topic in general anesthesia research and several articles introduce to the topic in a pedagogical way. The issue covers various types of anaesthesia and the most important topics in the field, such as (but not limited to) recent advances in theoretical models and states of consciousness reflected in experimental data, the connectivity changes observed during anesthesia or effects of specific drugs on brain activity. The introduction style of the papers facilitates the reader to understand the background of the research aspect and even allows readers not familiar with general anesthesia research to enter the research domain. Hence the Research Topic aims to provide on one hand an overview of the current state of the art and on the other hand a good starting point for new researchers in the field.