Non Lectin Type Protein Carbohydrate Interactions
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Non Lectin Type Protein Carbohydrate Interactions
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Author : Veer Sandeep Bhatt
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Non Lectin Type Protein Carbohydrate Interactions written by Veer Sandeep Bhatt and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Abstract: Protein-carbohydrate interactions are critical in a multitude of life processes such as bioenergetics, inflammation, cell-cell recognition, cell differentiation, embryonic development, signal transduction and host-pathogen interactions. However, the events leading to protein-carbohydrate recognition and the modulation of protein activity by glycosylation are poorly understood at molecular level. The primary objective in this work is to enrich our understanding of protein-carbohydrate interactions at a molecular level using three model systems. The first system is that of hemoglobin. The modulation of oxygen affinity by various interactions at the quaternary level is first presented in an investigation of the high oxygen affinity Greyhound hemoglobin. This is followed by a structural investigation of bovine hemoglobin carrying different lengths and types of oligosaccharides. These investigations indicate that glycosylation can increase the intrinsic oxygen affinity of hemoglobin by modifying its quaternary structure. The second system is that of a carbohydrate processing enzyme, a uridine 5'-diphospho N-acetylgalactosamine 4-epimerase. An elaborate investigation of structure and activity of this enzyme reveals several novel details of substrate recognition that may have been overlooked previously. Notably, this investigation highlights the complexities of protein-carbohydrate recognition and provides evidence that carbohydrates by themselves may induce global changes in multi-domain proteins. It further indicates that non-polar interactions are also critical in mediating protein-carbohydrate interactions and should be given due consideration in applications such as carbohydrate-based drug discovery. Thirdly, a complex system comprising of a multi-protein machinery that regulates the size of a hetero-polysaccharide called O-antigen, is presented. This system is an essential part of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Gram-negative bacteria. This investigation strongly suggests that a protein called Wzz serves as a trap for nascent oligosaccharide chains while interacting with another protein called Wzy that is responsible for polymerization of these nascent oligosaccharide chains to form the mature O-antigen. Protein X-ray crystallography and routine experimental methods of modern molecular biology such as gene cloning, expression, protein purification and characterization have been used as primary techniques in this work. In addition, computational analysis, especially to perform protein-ligand docking is also used to investigate the third system.
Essentials Of Glycobiology
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Author : Ajit Varki
language : en
Publisher: CSHL Press
Release Date : 1999
Essentials Of Glycobiology written by Ajit Varki and has been published by CSHL Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Medical categories.
Sugar chains (glycans) are often attached to proteins and lipids and have multiple roles in the organization and function of all organisms. "Essentials of Glycobiology" describes their biogenesis and function and offers a useful gateway to the understanding of glycans.
Glycoscience
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Author : Bertram O. Fraser-Reid
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2008-04-14
Glycoscience written by Bertram O. Fraser-Reid and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-04-14 with Science categories.
As a reflection of the quantum leap that has been made in the study of glycostructures, the first edition of this book has been completely revised and updated. The editors give up-to-date information on glycostructures, their chemistry and chemical biology in the form of a completely comprehensive survey. Glycostructures play highly diverse and crucial roles in a myriad of organisms and important systems in biology, physiology, medicine, bioengineering and technology. Only in recent years have the tools been developed to partly understand the highly complex functions and the chemistry behind them. While many facts remain undiscovered, this MRW has been contributed to by a large number of the world’s leading researchers in the field.
Characterisation And Engineering Of Protein Carbohydrate Interactions
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Author : Michael Lienemann
language : de
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Characterisation And Engineering Of Protein Carbohydrate Interactions written by Michael Lienemann and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Protein binding categories.
Protein-carbohydrate interactions play a crucial role in many biological processes such as cell-cell recognition and receptor-ligand interactions and catalysis. This thesis explores the possibilities of engineering the protein-carbohydrate interactions between carbohydrate-binding proteins and their ligands. Protein-carbohydrate interactions were characterised using different techniques, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Two different chitinoligosaccharide-binding proteins were used in the presented experiments, i.e. the plant lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and a neolectin created by inactivation of the fungal chitin-degrading enzyme Chit42. The structures of WGA and Chit42, which were available as X-ray diffraction data and a homology model, respectively, revealed differences between their binding site architectures. The interaction of monomeric and polymeric N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) with WGA, that normally binds chitinoligosaccharides on cell surfaces, was investigated with nanomechanical force measurements using AFM. These measurements aimed at determining the effect of ligand length and binding site clustering (multivalent binding) on binding strength between the protein and the carbohydrate ligand. Here, the GlcNAc ligand was presented at the surface of a planar self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of neoglycoconjugates and in a polymeric form as chitin beads. In adsorption measurements using the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) it was shown that alkanethiols adsorb rapidly to a gold surface, covering it completely within a few minutes as an SAM. In AFM force measurements, GlcNAc-specific binding events were detected with a WGA-modified probe on a GlcNAcneoglycoconjugate SAM at bond rupture forces of 47 ± 15 pN. When this experiment was repeated on a polymeric substrate, manyfold higher forces were detected. This indicated a high increase of affinity with additional binding subsites which were able to interact with the chitinous ligand. SPR measurements confirmed that WGA has higher affinity towards the immobilized GlcNAcneoglycoconjugate SAM than towards the soluble free monosaccharide providing evidence of a significant affinity increase as a result of binding site cooperativity. Furthermore, two different SAM formats have been tested for their suitability for studying protein-carbohydrate interactions. Here, non-specific adhesion was identified as a critical factor that was mainly related to the hydrophobic parts of the neoglycoconjugates and could be attenuated by the introduction of a tetraethylene glycol spacer into the neoglycoconjugate. The binding measurements on neoglycoconjugate SAMs demonstrated that this type of carbohydrate presentation is a useful reference for interactions on naturally occurring two-dimensional glycan arrays and demonstrated that the minimization of non-specific adhesion of proteins is often required in order to obtain meaningful binding data. In addition to WGA-carbohydrate interactions this thesis also deals with the carbohydrate binding cleft of the glycoside hydrolase Trichoderma harzianum chitinase Chit42, which in the wild-type form, solubilises polymeric crystalline chitin (composed of [beta]-4 linked GlcNAc units). Nine different catalytically inactive Chit42 variants were created, carrying amino acid alterations along the binding site cleft (at sugar-binding subsites -4 to +2). These Chit42 variants were characterised with regard to their affinity towards chitinous and non-chitinous oligosaccharides by SPR. As a result, hydrogen bonding between subsites -2/-3 and particularly stacking interactions by tryptophanes at subsites -3 and +2 were seen to be very important for the carbohydrate binding. The exchange of the corresponding amino acids did not cause a change of binding specificity, although the selective binding of GlcN[beta]-4(GlcNAc)4 could be improved by providing a counter charge through an amino acid substitution at subsite -3, replacing threonine with aspartic acid. In addition the introduction of glutamine and particularly an asparagine residue at this position appeared to broaden the substrate preference towards Gal[beta]-4(GlcNAc)4, and the site was thereby implicated as a binding groove hot spot for creating binding proteins, or hydrolytic enzymes with novel substrate specificity towards e.g. structurally related and medically significant oligosaccharides. Analysis of the Chit42 variants with modified active sites showed how the binding selectivity and affinity of neolectins can be engineered and may thereby function as a model for further neolectins and glycoside hydrolases with new ligand and substrate specificities, respectively.
Lessons In Immunity
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Author : Loriano Ballarin
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2016-04-08
Lessons In Immunity written by Loriano Ballarin and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-04-08 with Medical categories.
Lessons in Immunity: From Single-cell Organisms to Mammals stems from the activity of the Italian Association of Developmental and Comparative Immunobiology (IADCI), represented by the editors. This book is presented as a series of short overviews that report on the current state of various relevant fields of immunobiology from an evolutionary perspective. The overviews are written by authors directly involved in the research, and most are members of the IADCI or have otherwise been involved in the related research for their respective overview. This publication offers scientists and teachers an easy and updated reference tool. Provides simple and updated reviews on the immunobiology of a wide spectrum of organisms, considered in an evolutionary context Focuses on both cells and humoral components of a variety of non-classical model organisms Offers in a single volume many contributions which can help with understanding the evolution of immune responses and the main adaptations in animal phyla Presents a valuable holistic cross-sectional approach for teaching immunology and its applications
Carbohydrate Recognition
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Author : Binghe Wang
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2011-09-09
Carbohydrate Recognition written by Binghe Wang and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-09-09 with Medical categories.
This book contains contributions from interdisciplinary scientists to collectively address the issue of targeting carbohydrate recognition for the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The book covers (1) biological problems involving carbohydrate recognition, (2) structural factors mediating carbohydrate recognition, (3) design and synthesis of lectin mimics that recognize carbohydrate ligands with high specificity and affinity, and (4) modulation of biological and pathological processes through carbohydrate recognition.
Plant Lectins
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Author : A. Pusztai
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 1991
Plant Lectins written by A. Pusztai and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Medical categories.
This volume surveys the chemistry, biochemistry, biosynthesis, metabolism and pharmacological properties of lectins. Lectins, which are most commonly found in plants, are widespread natural products with striking biological activities. Their specific ability to recognise and bind to simple or complex saccharides facilitates their role as effective information protein molecules. As agents of cell-to-cell recognition, lectins promote symbiosis between plants and specific nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria. As natural defensive molecules, they can protect plants against predators such as bacteria, fungi and insects. As part of our diet, lectins are powerful exogenous growth factors in the small intestine and influence our health, the digestive function and the bacterial ecology of the alimentary tract. Lectins are also important research tools in preparative biochemistry and cell science.
Chemical Glycobiology
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Author : Randall Halcomb
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Chemical Glycobiology written by Randall Halcomb and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This ACS symposium book on Chemical Glycobiology summarizes the current status of the chemical techniques and tools developed to study the biological roles of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. It is suitable for chemists and biochemists who are interested in synthesizing, understanding, and applying carbohydrate-related molecules or manipulating biological systems using carbohydrates.
Protein Ligand Interactions
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Author : Hans-Joachim Böhm
language : de
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2006-03-06
Protein Ligand Interactions written by Hans-Joachim Böhm and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-03-06 with Science categories.
The lock-and-key principle formulated by Emil Fischer as early as the end of the 19th century has still not lost any of its significance for the life sciences. The basic aspects of ligand-protein interaction may be summarized under the term 'molecular recognition' and concern the specificity as well as stability of ligand binding. Molecular recognition is thus a central topic in the development of active substances, since stability and specificity determine whether a substance can be used as a drug. Nowadays, computer-aided prediction and intelligent molecular design make a large contribution to the constant search for, e. g., improved enzyme inhibitors, and new concepts such as that of pharmacophores are being developed. An up-to-date presentation of an eternally young topic, this book is an indispensable information source for chemists, biochemists and pharmacologists dealing with the binding of ligands to proteins.
Animal Lectins
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Author : Gerardo R. Vasta PhD
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2008-10-09
Animal Lectins written by Gerardo R. Vasta PhD and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-10-09 with Medical categories.
Introduces Groundbreaking Approaches for Assessing Lectin Function Lectins and their ligands are under quite a heavy microscope due to their potential applications to pharmacology, immunology, cancer therapy, and agriculture. With growing interest in the glycobiology field, the body of research related to lectin roles has grown at an explosive rate