Observation Methods
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Observation Methods
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Author : Barry Smart
language : en
Publisher: SAGE Publications Limited
Release Date : 2013-03-21
Observation Methods written by Barry Smart and has been published by SAGE Publications Limited this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-21 with Social Science categories.
Observation - as a deliberate, organized and systematic form of 'looking' or 'watching' - is integral to all scientific inquiry. It is a process that is guided by rational principles and assumptions, and motivated by an interest in obtaining data on occurrences, events, processes, reactions, forms of conduct and relationships. This collection, drawing together key contributions on observation methods in social research, provides comprehensive coverage of the historical development of observational methods and techniques and offers analytic reflection on the various issues involved in the scientific practice of observation. The volumes demonstrate the rich diversity of observational methods, techniques and associated innovations, as well as providing examples of results obtained by studies now considered to be social science classics. The volumes contain important material concerned with the development and refinement of observational methods, as well as the theoretical and philosophical understandings and assumptions integral to observation as a process. Sources that explore the practical matters involved in the stages of preparing for, engaging in, and analysing observations also feature, along with material from classic studies using observational methods. Finally, in addition to critiques of methods of observation, there are sources responding to recent developments within observational methods which utilise the possibilities afforded by contemporary digital and information technology in creative ways.
Observation Techniques
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Author : Bill Gillham
language : en
Publisher: Continuum
Release Date : 2008-03-10
Observation Techniques written by Bill Gillham and has been published by Continuum this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-03-10 with Education categories.
This comprehensive guide will enable readers to set up observations and choose when it is most appropriate to use structured or unstructured techniques.
Making Observations
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Author : Andrew Clark
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Making Observations written by Andrew Clark and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Gerontology categories.
Analysis Of Visibility Observation Methods
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Author : Frederick C. Hochreiter
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1969
Analysis Of Visibility Observation Methods written by Frederick C. Hochreiter and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1969 with Measuring instruments categories.
This report concludes the first phase of the objective visibility observation task. It was primarily a literature search of state-of-the-art in visibility observations and measurements. This portion of the task was designed to provide background information on which to base future phases directed toward automated visibility observations.
Observational Measurement Of Behavior
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Author : Paul Yoder, PhD
language : en
Publisher: Springer Publishing Company
Release Date : 2010-02-16
Observational Measurement Of Behavior written by Paul Yoder, PhD and has been published by Springer Publishing Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-02-16 with Psychology categories.
Yoder and Symons bring decades of work to bear and it shows....[The book is] presented with broad scholarship and conceptual depth. óRoger Bakeman, PhD Professor Emeritus Georgia State University This outstanding volume transcends the typical treatment of behavior observation methods in introductory research texts. Yoder and Symons articulate a set of measurement principles that serve as the foundation for behavior observation as a scientific tool. óWilliam E. MacLean Jr., PhD Executive Director Wyoming Institute for Disabilities University of Wyoming This comprehensive textbook introduces graduate students to the competent conduct of observational research methods and measurement. The unique approach of this book is that the chapters delineate not only the techniques and mechanics of observational methods, but also the theoretical and conceptual underpinnings of these methods. The observational methods presented can be used for both single-subject and group-design perspectives, showing students how and when to use both methodologies. In addition, the authors provide many practical exercises within chapters as well as electronic media files of a sample observation session to code with multiple behavior sampling methods. Key topics: Improving measurement of generalized characteristics through direct observation and the generalizability theory Developing coding schemes and designing or adapting coding manuals Determining sampling methods and metrics for observational variables Training observers and assessing their agreement Performing sequential analysis on observational data Assessing the validity of observational variables
Systematic Self Observation
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Author : Noelie M. Rodriguez
language : en
Publisher: SAGE
Release Date : 2002
Systematic Self Observation written by Noelie M. Rodriguez and has been published by SAGE this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Social Science categories.
Systematic self-observation is a valuable research method to gather information about those social actions that are hidden, restricted or subjective.
Systematic Observation Methods
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Author : Jan Hardman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Systematic Observation Methods written by Jan Hardman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Education categories.
Observing Children In Their Natural Worlds
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Author : Anthony D. Pellegrini
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2014-04-08
Observing Children In Their Natural Worlds written by Anthony D. Pellegrini and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-04-08 with Psychology categories.
This second edition updates the methods based on new technologies, updates and increases the number of examples, and reorganizes so the theoretical material is up front. The author's decisions were guided by having used the first edition in classes at two universities. Consequently, he received feedback on the book from a variety of different perspectives--from groups of very conscientious and competent students and from colleagues around the world who have used the book. By consensus, the most popular aspect of the first edition was the organization of the book, where the student/researcher is guided through conceptualizing, designing, implementing, and writing up the research project. This basic organization is the same as in the first edition, however, within this organizational frame things have changed. The discussion of the place of direct observational methods in relation to different "qualitative" and "quantitative" research traditions has been kept, but expanded. Discussions of the use of direct observations in naturalistic settings (drawing from research methods in ethology and ethnography) and in more contrived settings (drawing from experimental psychology) are extended. Relatedly, an extended discussion has been added on theories of science guiding different research assumptions. In addition, sections of validity, reliability, and the ethics surrounding the research enterprise are also expanded. These constructs are not specific to observational methods but relevant to the general research process. In revised chapters in these areas the author provides grounding in the general concepts and then draws more specific focus to observational methods. The extended discussion of ethics is important, since issues related to who gets authorship on papers, how to complete Institutional Review Board forms, and honesty in reporting findings are all issues that face both junior and senior researchers alike. Practical issues of writing research papers are expanded in this edition, providing discussions of writing both review and empirical articles. Lastly, a new and extensive chapter on using technology in direct observational methods has been added, which reviews the available hardware and software in direct observational methods.
Observing Children In Their Natural Worlds
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Author : Anthony D. Pellegrini
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2012-11-12
Observing Children In Their Natural Worlds written by Anthony D. Pellegrini and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-11-12 with Psychology categories.
This book shows readers how to conduct observational methods, research tools used to describe and explain behaviors as they unfold in everyday settings. The book now uses both an evolutionary and a cultural perspective. The methods presented are drawn from psychology, education, family studies, sociology, and anthropology, but the author's primary focus is on children in school, family, and social settings. Readers learn how to make observations in real contexts to help them create a verbal picture of behaviors they see. The importance of considering reliability and validity factors while testing within each environment is emphasized throughout. The author draws from the literature that provides methods for observing animals in their natural habitats, but emphasizes the use of observational methods to solve human problems. The book is organized in the way a researcher conducts observational studies—conceptualizing of the idea, designing and implementing the study, and writing the report. “Things to think about” sections provide an opportunity for students to solidify their understanding of the material and the Glossary defines the key terms introduced in the book. Highlights of changes in the new edition include: • The introduction of the cultural perspective in chapter 4 along with the evolutionary (epigenetic theory) perspective and the integration of cultural examples throughout the book. • More varied examples from developmental psychology, family studies, and education. • Extensively revised chapter (3) on ethics reflects the current revelations of scientific fraud and the push for researchers to maximize scientific integrity in their community. • Updated chapter (12) reflects the latest computer technologies used in observational methods including iPhones and Blackberrys for conducting observation, ABC Data Pro and Behavior Tracker for evaluations, and Excel for constructing observational templates. • Expanded chapter (13) on writing the research report and more on issues of plagiarism (ch. 3). • The latest on minimizing observer effects on participants and testing their effectiveness. • New environmentally friendly design, the Things to Think About sections were retained, but the blank pages for answers were eliminated. Intended as a supplementary text for advanced undergraduate and/or graduate courses in research methods and/or developmental research or developmental/child psychology taught in psychology, education, human development, and nursing, educators and researchers concerned with assessing children will also appreciate this book’s introduction to observational methods.
Sequential Analysis And Observational Methods For The Behavioral Sciences
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Author : Roger Bakeman
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2011-10-10
Sequential Analysis And Observational Methods For The Behavioral Sciences written by Roger Bakeman and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-10-10 with Psychology categories.
Behavioral scientists – including those in psychology, infant and child development, education, animal behavior, marketing and usability studies – use many methods to measure behavior. Systematic observation is used to study relatively natural, spontaneous behavior as it unfolds sequentially in time. This book emphasizes digital means to record and code such behavior; while observational methods do not require them, they work better with them. Key topics include devising coding schemes, training observers and assessing reliability, as well as recording, representing and analyzing observational data. In clear and straightforward language, this book provides a thorough grounding in observational methods along with considerable practical advice. It describes standard conventions for sequential data and details how to perform sequential analysis with a computer program developed by the authors. The book is rich with examples of coding schemes and different approaches to sequential analysis, including both statistical and graphical means.