Offshoring And Employment Trends And Impacts
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Offshoring And Employment Trends And Impacts
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Author : OECD
language : en
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Release Date : 2007-07-13
Offshoring And Employment Trends And Impacts written by OECD and has been published by OECD Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-07-13 with categories.
This report defines offshoring in detail, describes the wide-ranging effects that offshoring can have on employment both positively and negatively, and outlines the policy implications, suggesting ways to limit the downside of offshoring while building trust among stakeholders.
The Oxford Handbook Of Offshoring And Global Employment
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Author : Ashok Bardhan
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2013-04-09
The Oxford Handbook Of Offshoring And Global Employment written by Ashok Bardhan and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-09 with Business & Economics categories.
The Oxford Handbook of Offshoring and Global Employment deals with a key issue of our time: How do globalization, economic growth and technological developments interact to impact employment? The book brings together eminent authors from a wide range of countries around the world, drawing on their diverse academic and policymaking backgrounds, and specific national or regional settings to assess how global economic changes have affected employment opportunities. The book is unique in a number of ways - It has a global reach, presenting analyses and viewpoints from both developed and developing countries, from all continents; its timing and context is particularly instructive, since most papers are located in the aftermath of the global financial crisis; and it addresses a wide range of questions-How do different types of offshoring and global linkages impact employment? How is the skill mix of the labor force impacted by globalization? How do institutional structures and regulations influence the outcome of globalization in developed and developing countries? Individual chapters analyze how the impact of global linkages on national economies is mediated through a number of structural aspects of the economy - its institutional and industrial structure, its resource base, its predominant firm type, its comparative advantage, and its regulatory practices. The chapters in the book cover both manufacturing and services sectors, and many chapters also address policy issues regarding innovation and job creation.
Outsourcing And Offshoring
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Author : Mari Sako
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Outsourcing And Offshoring written by Mari Sako and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
This paper provides a discussion of key issues which emerged from a review of the debate on offshoring and outsourcing. Although offshoring is not a new phenomenon, the current phase of offshoring is marked by the increased tradability of services enabled by ICT. The paper puts forward a clear definition of offshoring - defined as a combination of trade flows, FDI, and employment shifts - before doing three things. First, official statistics on international trade and FDI were examined to gauge the extent of offshoring in services. Second, the paper analyses the causes and consequences of different types of outsourcing seen as strategies for corporate restructuring. Third, the impact of outsourcing on jobs and professions is assessed in terms of the repackaging of tasks, skills and knowledge. Our challenge in having an informed debate about offshoring is (a) to articulate the benefits and costs of offshoring by linking the three areas, namely trade and FDI, corporate strategy, and employment; and (b) to collect better data - both official statistics and private surveys - that enable us to link micro-level business decisions on outsourcing and offshoring to sectoral and economy-wide outcomes. Even with inadequate data, however, this paper provides pointers to answer such questions as: *Why is outsourcing and offshoring happening now? *What is the impact of outsourcing/offshoring on home and host economies? *What policies should be devised to address the causes and consequences of offshoring? The key points raised in this paper are as follows. 1. Definitions: Offshoring happens when private firms or governments decide to import intermediate goods or services from overseas that they had previously obtained domestically. It is therefore about sourcing decisions which involve (a) imports, (b) displacement of domestic production and associated jobs, and sometimes (c) foreign direct investment (FDI) outflows if sourcing happens from overseas affiliates. It is difficult to combine three separate sources of data to measure the precise extent of offshoring defined in this way. 2. Trade and FDI: Bearing in mind the limitations to official statistics, they indicate that offshoring of services is quite small, relative to that in manufacturing. In particular: *World trade in services, valued at $1.8 trillion in 2003, is still only a fifth of that in manufacturing. *Only 10% of services output enter international trade, whereas 50% of manufacturing does, indicating that offshoring of services is small relative to outsourcing within national borders. 4. Despite this small size, the tradability of services is expected to grow, especially in business services (including IT and professional services) which make use of ICT. *The top two exporters of computer services are Ireland and India, but the top two exports of other business services are the US and the UK. Unlike in manufacturing, the US and the UK maintain a trade surplus in business services. *In part because of such trade surplus, job losses embodied in offshoring is quite small, at 2.4% of total employment in the US in 2003. *For emerging markets, the Indian model of promoting export-platform FDI in software and business services provides one, but not the only, template for promoting them as offshore locations. 3. Corporate Strategies: Growth in outsourcing and offshoring of business services depends on the nature of corporate strategy and business models. Corporate strategies to outsource business services became established only in the late 1990s, driven primarily by the ICT revolution and the Anglo-American shareholder value business model, in which CEO/CFO takes a lead to reduce costs and improve return on assets. Asset sales are therefore just as important as relocating to low-cost areas. *The current phase of outsourcing and offshoring is marked by two distinct types of outsourcing: first, the unbundling and re-centralisation of corporate functions, and second, vertical dis-integration of inputs. The former affects all sectors of the economy, including manufacturing and the public sector. *These two distinct types of outsourcing offer emerging market suppliers different opportunities to upgrade their capabilities and to create higher value added. In particular, these suppliers that entered markets via the provision of low value added standardized services may move up the supply chain (e.g. in software) or deepen their functional knowledge in business services. 4. Jobs and Professions: The movement of service jobs from developed economies to low cost emerging market locations is being accompanied by significant repackaging of tasks, skills, and knowledge into a job, occupation, or profession. This is leading to changes in occupational and professional identity, and is creating new challenges for governments formulating their policies for education and training, and for professional associations thinking about the upgrading of capabilities.
Offshoring And The Internationalization Of Employment
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Author : Peter Auer
language : en
Publisher: International Labour Organization
Release Date : 2006
Offshoring And The Internationalization Of Employment written by Peter Auer and has been published by International Labour Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Business & Economics categories.
This collection of papers examines key trends in the internationalisation of employment, drawing on the proceedings of an ILO conference held in Annecy, France in April 2005. The papers focus on three related issues: the impacts of trade and investment abroad, including the offshoring of production of goods and services, and effects on the winners and losers in terms of employment; adjustment methods for coping with the short and medium term problems related to the globalisation of employment; and the importance of international instruments to help ensure a level playing field in trade and promote development, drawing on established rights and international labour standards.
Impacts Of Offshoring On Jobs And Small U S Manufacturers
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Author : Jonathan S. Krekl
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Impacts Of Offshoring On Jobs And Small U S Manufacturers written by Jonathan S. Krekl and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Labor market categories.
Offshoring, also known as offshore outsourcing, is the term now being used to describe a practice among companies located in the United States of contracting with businesses beyond U.S. borders to perform services that would otherwise have been provided by in-house employees in white-collar occupations. The term is equally applicable to U.S. firms offshoring the jobs of blue-collar workers on textile and auto assembly lines, for example, which has been taking place for decades. The extension of offshoring from U.S. manufacturers to service providers has heightened public policy concerns about the extent of job loss and foregone employment opportunities among U.S. workers. This concern is especially pertinent to policymakers because of a national unemployment rate persistently exceeding 9 per cent despite the end of the latest recession. This book discusses the impacts of offshoring on jobs and small U.S. manufacturers.
Offshoring Of Services
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Author : Sigurd R. Nilsen
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 2006-04
Offshoring Of Services written by Sigurd R. Nilsen and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-04 with Business & Economics categories.
Much attention has focused on the offshoringÓ of services to lower-wage locations abroad. Offshoring generally refers to an org. purchase of goods or services from abroad that were previously produced domestically. Extensive public debate has arisen about both the potential benefits of services offshoring, such as lower consumer prices & higher U.S. productivity, as well as the potential costs, such as increased job displacement for selected U.S. workers. This report: provides an overview of experts' views on the potential impacts of services offshoring; describes the types of policies that have been proposed in response to offshoring; & highlights some key areas where add'l. research might help advance the debate about offshoring. Illus.
Macro Economic Issues Of Offshore Outsourcing
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Author : Manuel Knaus
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2007-07
Macro Economic Issues Of Offshore Outsourcing written by Manuel Knaus and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-07 with Computers categories.
Seminar paper from the year 2004 in the subject Computer Science - Commercial Information Technology, grade: 2 (B), University of Mannheim (Information Systems), course: Industrialization of Software Development, 27 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: Topic of this paper are the macro economic issues of offshore outsourcing. First inland and offshore outsourcing are described, especially focused on IT outsourcing. Then reasons for IT offshore outsourcing are illustrated. Popular offshore markets are introduced and the advantages are shown. In the next chapter, problems and risks of offshore outsourcing are explained. Both the more general view and IT specific problems and risks are described. Here general problems as well as problems of IT outsourcing are mentioned. Then consequences of the offshoring trend are illustrated. Apart from consequences for IT branch, especially consequences for national economies of western countries, e.g. Germany, are viewed in detail. There can be short term and long term consequences. Future offshore outsourcing trends help to understand the effects. The development of unemployment caused by offshoring is one main focus. Furthermore offshoring trends in other white collar work besides IT are shortly described. At the end this the paper develops an idea about possible solutions for western countries. Potential reactions of the government and suggestions on how to create new jobs are presented in detail. The paper finally ends with a small conclusion.
Offshoring In The Global Economy
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Author : Pablo Agnese
language : en
Publisher: Fundacion BBVA
Release Date : 2011
Offshoring In The Global Economy written by Pablo Agnese and has been published by Fundacion BBVA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Contracting out categories.
A pesar de que los procesos de deslocalización (offshoring) no son un fenómeno del todo nuevo, la forma en que se llevan a cabo sí que lo es. El objetivo de este libro es ayudar a los directivos de empresa a tratar con los retos organizativos derivados del auge de la deslocalización que ahora nos espera.En vista de las dificultades de obtener un índice o medida directa sobre la deslocalización, de la heterogeneidad de las fuentes disponibles, y de la falta de consenso en torno a la terminología utilizada, este estudio se basa en gran medida en los datos recientes de la OCDE y la ORN (una red de investigación a la que pertenecen los autores), así como en informes sobre la inversión extranjera directa. El estudio se ofrece como una guía a los tres grandes grupos de interés implicados. En primer lugar, advierte a los gobiernos de no obstaculizar "el proceso económico natural" que el fenómeno significa. En segundo lugar, aconseja a las empresas a visualizar a la deslocalización como una parte integral de la estrategia global. Y en tercer lugar, resalta la necesidad de flexibilidad y formación para aquellos trabajadores que han podido verse afectados por el fenómeno de la deslocalización.Este libro se dirige fundamentalmente a aquellos investigadores en el campo de las instituciones, a los decisores de política, y a los directivos del sector privado, que puedan tener cierto interés en los recientes procesos de deslocalización, y en la creencia de que el mismo les pueda ser útil para el desarrollo de las estrategias adecuadas a escala mundial.
International Trade
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Author : Loren Yager
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 2004-11-30
International Trade written by Loren Yager and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-11-30 with Business & Economics categories.
Much attention has focused on the topic of offshoringÓ of information technology (IT) & other services to lower-wage locations abroad. OffshoringÓ of services generally refers to an organization's purchase from other countries of services that it previously procured or purchased domestically, such as software programming or telephone call centers. This report: (1) describes the nature of offshoring activities & the factors that encourage offshoring, (2) discuss what U.S. government data show about the extent of this practice by the private sector & Federal & state governments, & (3) discuss available data on the potential effects of services offshoring on the U.S. economy. Charts & tables.
Services Offshoring And Its Impact On The Labor Market
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Author : Deborah Winkler
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2009-09-18
Services Offshoring And Its Impact On The Labor Market written by Deborah Winkler and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-09-18 with Business & Economics categories.
Services – from information technology to research to finance – are now as subject to international trade as goods have been for decades. What are the labor market consequences of the recent surge in services offshoring? While offshoring has traditionally been found to affect only less-skilled workers in industrialized countries, this study finds that services offshoring also has negative consequences for high-skilled workers. Focusing on the case of Germany, Deborah Winkler shows how services offshoring has grown, who is most affected and what policy makers can do. Winkler measures the impact of services offshoring on German productivity, employment, and employment structure. She provides a well-balanced synthesis of theoretical insights, detailed empirical analysis, and economic policy recommendations. Although her main focus is on the case of Germany, many insights are also applicable to other developed countries.