Optimization Of Design And Operation Of Synergetic Heating And Cooling Networks Based On The Energy Hub Concept
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Optimization Of Design And Operation Of Synergetic Heating And Cooling Networks Based On The Energy Hub Concept
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Author : Hossein Ahmadisedigh
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Optimization Of Design And Operation Of Synergetic Heating And Cooling Networks Based On The Energy Hub Concept written by Hossein Ahmadisedigh and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
In the present work, an “energy hub” template was employed to design combined heating and cooling networks to benefit from potential synergies. Heating and cooling networks are integral components of various buildings, campuses, or cities. The concept of smart thermal grid and “energy hub” argue in favor of thermal integration to benefit from potential synergies and facilitate the use of renewable energy sources. In this integrated system, heat pumps can be used to recover heat from the cooling loop and supply it to the heating loop. Waste heat recovery can help reducing operation costs and greenhouse gas emissions. Heating and cooling loads of the network can be satisfied by natural gas boilers, electric heaters, chillers, and heat pumps. The design of the system and its operation were optimized with respect to cost and greenhouse gas emissions under different combinations of heating and cooling loads. The optimized hub configurations for scenarios with and without waste heat recovery were compared, showing that heat pumps were beneficial in all scenarios. The optimal capacity of heat pumps to minimize total cost was found to be ~80% of the maximal possible value from a thermodynamic analysis of the loads. The simultaneous minimization of cost and emissions revealed a relatively sharp transition from gas to electric heating as more emphasis is put on emissions than cost, but in all cases, waste heat recovery with heat pumps was heavily used to satisfy the heating and cooling loads. Next, keeping the same framework designed above, a method was developed to indicate how thermal energy storage (TES) units can contribute to reduce the total cost of a thermal grid. We developed a method showing how TES units, coupled with heat pumps, can contribute to reducing the total cost of a thermal grid. An optimization model is introduced, based on an energy hub model including natural gas boilers, electric heaters, and chillers. For different load profiles, thermal grids integrating heat pumps alone, TES alone, or a combination of both are compared to a reference hub with no thermal integration. It was found that the inclusion of both TES and heat pumps together results in more profits than when they are used separately, extending the synergic use of the heat pumps to satisfy both heating and cooling loads. Furthermore, the benefit of TES when components of the system (chiller or boiler) are under-sized is assessed. It was observed that in these cases, TES contributes to satisfying the thermal demands. However, due to the configuration of the system, there is a limit of chiller under-sizing that TES units can compensate. Then, the influence of part-load operation of energy hub devices was studied for the same energy hub. In practice, part-load efficiency of equipment such as chillers, boilers, and heat pumps need to be taken into account in the design and control of heating and cooling networks as it can strongly affect their overall performance. However, optimization models such as energy hubs usually consider constant efficiencies due to the challenge of implementing part-load efficiency in such models. Therefore, the impact of part-load efficiency curves on energy hub optimization results is often unclear, in particular when multiple devices are included. In this work, the lifetime cost of a combined heating and cooling networks system was optimized based on an energy hub in which part-load efficiency devices (natural gas boilers, electric heaters, electric chillers, and heat pumps) were modeled. The model was linearized and studied under different combinations of thermal loads. An iterative method was developed to optimize the design and operation of the energy hub in this context. To determine the impact of part-load efficiencies, each device was individually examined while the efficiency of other devices remained constant. The error resulting from assuming a constant efficiency was then calculated based on a reference hub with constant efficiencies. The results indicated a maximum error on the total cost of 1.85%, 0.6%, and 0.16% by assuming constant-efficiency for the boilers, chillers, and heat pumps respectively. The loads for which these maximum errors occur were then chosen to optimize the hub with all devices modeled with a part-load efficiency curve. The errors increased to 1.9%, 0.71%, and 1.49%, respectively. Finally, the waste heat recovery (WHR) potential of a manufacturing workshop was assessed. First, the sources of waste heat were identified and evaluated, leading to preparation of a waste heat map for the company. Subsequently, three main WHR methods were chosen and analyzed for the plant. In the summer, the possibility of replacing the current office chillers with a 52 kW single-effect absorption chiller was investigated, which would cost 8,000 CAD more than the present chillers over 20 years. For winters, t waste heat can be used for localheating purposes instead of using the electric heating systems currently used, which would save approximately 110,000 CAD over 20 years. For the rest of the year, the internal hot water consumption for the company can be supplied by using a hybrid (WHR + electricity) water heater, which would save around 2,000 CAD over the same period.
District Heating And Cooling Networks
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Author : Antonio Colmenar Santos
language : en
Publisher: MDPI
Release Date : 2020-05-12
District Heating And Cooling Networks written by Antonio Colmenar Santos and has been published by MDPI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-05-12 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Conventional thermal power generating plants reject a large amount of energy every year. If this rejected heat were to be used through district heating networks, given prior energy valorisation, there would be a noticeable decrease in the amount of fossil fuels imported for heating. As a consequence, benefits would be experienced in the form of an increase in energy efficiency, an improvement in energy security, and a minimisation of emitted greenhouse gases. Given that heat demand is not expected to decrease significantly in the medium term, district heating networks show the greatest potential for the development of cogeneration. Due to their cost competitiveness, flexibility in terms of the ability to use renewable energy resources (such as geothermal or solar thermal) and fossil fuels (more specifically the residual heat from combustion), and the fact that, in some cases, losses to a country/region’s energy balance can be easily integrated into district heating networks (which would not be the case in a “fully electric” future), district heating (and cooling) networks and cogeneration could become a key element for a future with greater energy security, while being more sustainable, if appropriate measures were implemented. This book therefore seeks to propose an energy strategy for a number of cities/regions/countries by proposing appropriate measures supported by detailed case studies.
Synergy Of Self Optimizing Control And Real Time Optimization With Applications To Building Energy Systems
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Author : Zhongfan Zhao
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Synergy Of Self Optimizing Control And Real Time Optimization With Applications To Building Energy Systems written by Zhongfan Zhao and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Air conditioning categories.
This dissertation research investigates on energy optimal operations of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for residential and commercial buildings, with investigations on two classes of approaches, i.e. Self-optimizing Control (SOC) based control structure optimization and Extremum Seeking Control (ESC) based real-time optimization, as well as their synergy. As the preliminary study, three existing ESC methods are compared, i.e. the conventional dither ESC, input-output correlation ESC (IOC-ESC), and proportion-integral ESC (PI-ESC). The primary goal for this study is to evaluate the performance robustness of each ESC to parametric variation. The three ESC strategies are first evaluated with simulation study using a Modelica model of an air source heat pump (ASHP) model. Then, laboratory tests are conducted with IOC-ESC and CON-ESC on a mini-split air conditioning system. Both simulation and experimental results show that PI-ESC archives fastest convergent speed, while IOC-ESC is most robust to parametric variation among three methods. For plant operation with multiple potential inputs for ESC design, an ESC integrated online input selection approach is proposed based on Hessian estimation and SVD analysis. The dimensionality of manipulated inputs can be reduced by pruning and/or combining the available manipulated inputs. Error bound analysis is conducted for the proposed input selection process. Then, the proposed procedure is validated with both numerical example and a Modelica based chilled-water plant model. The SOC based control structure optimization is studied from three perspectives, with the key focus of how to determine the optimal selection of controlled variables (CVs) with online or historical data. First, an online local SOC procedure is proposed by using the ditherdemodulation based gradient and Hessian estimates that have been developed in ESC, and the proposed method is validated with the Modelica ASHP model. Secondly, a data-driven global SOC method is proposed by applying the technique of sparse identification for nonlinear dynamics (SINDy) to historical data. For the static plant model thus derived, tracking the necessary condition of optimality yields the globally optimal solutions of CV selection in an analytical fashion. Such SOC framework is validate with the Modelica-based chilled-water plant operation. Then, this data-driven global SOC approach is extended to plant operation with wide range of disturbance variations which is subject to the changes of active constraint set. With the plant model obtained by the SINDy based procedure, a parametric programming enabled constrained optimization framework is utilized to derive the controlled variables for each region of different active constraint set. Again, simulation based validation is conducted with the Modelica based chilled-water plant model.
Energy Efficient Operation Strategy Design For The Combined Cooling Heating And Power System
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Author : Mingxi Liu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Energy Efficient Operation Strategy Design For The Combined Cooling Heating And Power System written by Mingxi Liu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
Combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) systems are known as trigeneration systems, designed to provide electricity, cooling and heating simultaneously. The CCHP system has become a hot topic for its high system efficiency, high economic efficiency and less greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in recent years. The efficiency of the CCHP system depends on the appropriate system configuration, operation strategy and facility size. Due to the inherent and inevitable energy waste of the traditional operation strategies, i.e., following the electric load (FEL) and following the thermal load (FTL), more efficient operation strategy should be designed. To achieve the highest system efficiency, facilities in the system should be sized to match with the corresponding operation strategy. In order to reduce the energy waste in traditional operation strategies and improve the system efficiency, two operation strategy design methods and sizing problems are studied (In Chapter 2 and Chapter 3). Most of the improved operation strategies in the literature are based on the ''balance'' plane, which implies the match of the electric demands and thermal demands. However, in more than 95% energy demand patterns, the demands cannot match with each other at this exact ''balance'' plane. To continuously use the ''balance'' concept, in Chapter 2, the system configuration is modified from the one with single absorption chiller to be the one with hybrid chillers and expand the ''balance'' plane to be a ''balance'' space by tuning the electric cooling to cool load ratio. With this new ''balance'' space, an operation strategy is designed and the power generation unit (PGU) capacity is optimized according to the proposed operation strategy to reduce the energy waste and improve the system efficiency. A case study is conducted to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed operation strategy. In Chapter 3, a more mathematical approach to schedule the energy input and power flow is proposed. By using the concept of energy hub, the CCHP system is modelled in a matrix form. As a result, the whole CCHP system is an input-output model. Setting the objective function to be a weighted summation of primary energy savings (PESs), hourly total cost savings (HTCs) and carbon dioxide emissions reduction (CDER), the optimization problem, constrained by equality and inequality constraints, is solved by the sequential quadratic programming (SQP). The PGU capacity is also sized under the proposed optimal operation strategy. In the case study, compared to FEL and FTL, the proposed optimal operation strategy saves more primary energy and annual total cost, and can be more environmental friendly. Finally, the conclusions of this thesis is summarized and some future work is discussed.
Generative Urbanism Toward Thermal Synergy
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Author : Qianqian Wan (Researcher in Architecture studies)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Generative Urbanism Toward Thermal Synergy written by Qianqian Wan (Researcher in Architecture studies) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
The research explores the state-of-art performance-driven design optimization techniques and suggests a reproducible framework that couples design and engineering visions for integrated spatial and energy planning. Communicating at a methodology level in the design-engineering collaboration is the crux of contemporary smart planning toward a sustainable urban metabolism.
Coordinated Operation And Planning Of Modern Heat And Electricity Incorporated Networks
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Author : Mohammadreza Daneshvar
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2022-12-08
Coordinated Operation And Planning Of Modern Heat And Electricity Incorporated Networks written by Mohammadreza Daneshvar and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-12-08 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Coordinated Operation and Planning of Modern Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks A practical resource presenting the fundamental technologies and solutions for real-world problems in modern heat and electricity incorporated networks (MHEINs) Coordinated Operation and Planning of Modern Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks covers the foundations of multi-carrier energy networks (MCENs), highlights potential technologies and multi-energy systems in this area, and discusses requirements for coordinated operation and planning of heat and electricity hybrid networks. The book not only covers the coordinated operation of heat and electricity networks (HENs) but also supports the planning of HENs to provide more clarity regarding HENs’ presence in the future modern MCENs. The first part of Coordinated Operation and Planning of Modern Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks provides a conceptual introduction with more emphasis on definition, structure, features, and challenges of the one and multidimensional energy networks as well as optimal operation and planning of the MHEINs. The second part of the book covers potential technologies and systems for energy production, communication, transmission and distribution, hybrid energy generation, and more. The third and fourth parts of the book investigate the optimal coordinated operation and planning of the MHEINs. Topics covered in the book also include: Considerations of hybrid energy storage systems, business models, hybrid transitional energy markets, and decision-making plans Requirements for switching from the traditional independent energy networks to modern interdependent energy grids The key role of multi-carrier energy systems in the optimal integration of modern heat and electricity incorporated networks Technical and theoretical analysis of the coordinated operation and planning of the modern heat and electricity incorporated networks, especially in terms of hybrid energy storage systems Coordinated Operation and Planning of Modern Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks is an invaluable resource and authoritative reference for the researchers and the system engineers focusing on advanced methods for deployment of state of art technologies in the modern structure of the multi-carrier energy networks.
Heating And Cooling Of Buildings
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Author : T. Agami Reddy
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2016-09-01
Heating And Cooling Of Buildings written by T. Agami Reddy and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-09-01 with Science categories.
Heating and Cooling of Buildings: Principles and Practice of Energy Efficient Design, Third Edition is structured to provide a rigorous and comprehensive technical foundation and coverage to all the various elements inherent in the design of energy efficient and green buildings. Along with numerous new and revised examples, design case studies, and homework problems, the third edition includes the HCB software along with its extensive website material, which contains a wealth of data to support design analysis and planning. Based around current codes and standards, the Third Edition explores the latest technologies that are central to design and operation of today’s buildings. It serves as an up-to-date technical resource for future designers, practitioners, and researchers wishing to acquire a firm scientific foundation for improving the design and performance of buildings and the comfort of their occupants. For engineering and architecture students in undergraduate/graduate classes, this comprehensive textbook:
Heating And Cooling Concepts Employing Environmental Energy And Thermo Active Building Systems For Low Energy Buildings
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Author : Doreen E. Kalz
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011-01
Heating And Cooling Concepts Employing Environmental Energy And Thermo Active Building Systems For Low Energy Buildings written by Doreen E. Kalz and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-01 with Dwellings categories.
Sustainable energy concepts for buildings feature highly energy-efficient systems for heating and cooling with a significantly reduced energy use, but also respect the occupants' requirements on interior thermal comfort. This work contributes to the evaluation and optimization of heating and cooling concepts for low-energy office buildings that use environmental energy and thermo-active building systems. The meta-analysis of the buildings and the achieved results in terms of energy efficiency and thermal comfort are based on longterm monitoring campaigns in 13 buildings over several years.
District Heating And Cooling Networks
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Author : Antonio Colmenar Santos
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
District Heating And Cooling Networks written by Antonio Colmenar Santos and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) categories.
Conventional thermal power generating plants reject a large amount of energy every year. If this rejected heat were to be used through district heating networks, given prior energy valorisation, there would be a noticeable decrease in the amount of fossil fuels imported for heating. As a consequence, benefits would be experienced in the form of an increase in energy efficiency, an improvement in energy security, and a minimisation of emitted greenhouse gases. Given that heat demand is not expected to decrease significantly in the medium term, district heating networks show the greatest potential for the development of cogeneration. Due to their cost competitiveness, flexibility in terms of the ability to use renewable energy resources (such as geothermal or solar thermal) and fossil fuels (more specifically the residual heat from combustion), and the fact that, in some cases, losses to a country/region's energy balance can be easily integrated into district heating networks (which would not be the case in a “fully electric” future), district heating (and cooling) networks and cogeneration could become a key element for a future with greater energy security, while being more sustainable, if appropriate measures were implemented. This book therefore seeks to propose an energy strategy for a number of cities/regions/countries by proposing appropriate measures supported by detailed case studies.
The Development Of A New District Heating Concept
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Author : Alessandro Dalla Rosa
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
The Development Of A New District Heating Concept written by Alessandro Dalla Rosa and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.