Outlook And Challenges For Chinese Coal
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Outlook And Challenges For Chinese Coal
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Outlook And Challenges For Chinese Coal written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
China has been, is, and will continue to be a coal-powered economy. The rapid growth of coal demand since 2001 has created deepening strains and bottlenecks that raise questions about supply security. Although China's coal is 'plentiful, ' published academic and policy analyses indicate that peak production will likely occur between 2016 and 2029. Given the current economic growth trajectory, domestic production constraints will lead to a coal gap that is not likely to be filled with imports. Urbanization, heavy industry growth, and increasing per-capita consumption are the primary drivers of rising coal usage. In 2006, the power sector, iron and steel, and cement accounted for 71% of coal consumption. Power generation is becoming more efficient, but even extensive roll-out of the highest efficiency units could save only 14% of projected 2025 coal demand. If China follows Japan, steel production would peak by 2015; cement is likely to follow a similar trajectory. A fourth wedge of future coal consumption is likely to come from the burgeoning coal-liquefaction and chemicals industries. New demand from coal-to-liquids and coal-to-chemicals may add 450 million tonnes of coal demand by 2025. Efficient growth among these drivers indicates that China's annual coal demand will reach 4.2 to 4.7 billion tonnes by 2025. Central government support for nuclear and renewable energy has not been able to reduce China's growing dependence on coal for primary energy. Few substitution options exist: offsetting one year of recent coal demand growth would require over 107 billion cubic meters of natural gas, 48 GW of nuclear, or 86 GW of hydropower capacity. While these alternatives will continue to grow, the scale of development using existing technologies will be insufficient to substitute significant coal demand before 2025. The central role of heavy industry in GDP growth and the difficulty of substituting other fuels suggest that coal consumption is inextricably entwined with China's economy in its current mode of growth. Ongoing dependence on coal reduces China's ability to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions growth. If coal demand remains on its current growth path, carbon dioxide emissions from coal combustion alone would exceed total US energy-related carbon emissions by 2010. Broadening awareness of the environmental costs of coal mining, transport, and combustion is raising the pressure on Chinese policy makers to find alternative energy sources. Within China's coal-dominated energy system, domestic transportation has emerged as the largest bottleneck for coal industry growth and is likely to remain a constraint to further expansion. China is short of high-quality reserves, but is producing its best coal first. Declining quality will further strain production and transport. Transporting coal to users has overloaded the train system and dramatically increased truck use, raising transport oil demand. Growing international imports have helped to offset domestic transport bottlenecks. In the long term, import demand is likely to exceed 200 mt by 2025, significantly impacting regional markets. The looming coal gap threatens to derail China's growth path, possibly undermining political, economic, and social stability. High coal prices and domestic shortages will have regional and global effects. Regarding China's role as a global manufacturing center, a domestic coal gap will increase prices and constrain growth. Within the Asia-Pacific region, China's coal gap is likely to bring about increased competition with other coal-importing countries including Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and India. As with petroleum, China may respond with a government-supported 'going-out' strategy of resource acquisition and vertical integration. Given its population and growing resource constraints, China may favor energy security, competitiveness, and local environmental protection over global climate change mitigation. The possibility of a large coal gap sugges ...
Outlook And Challenges To Coal In Asia
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996
Outlook And Challenges To Coal In Asia written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with categories.
The two key threats to coal's long term dominance in Asia are: (1) its uneven distribution of reserves and lack of adequate rail transportation infrastructure, and (2) growing environmental concerns about coal-related pollution. Even with increased attention to emissions control for coal, continued growth in coal consumption is expected to result in further deterioration of the environment in Asia for another one to two decades. China will remain the largest polluter in Asia, but it's believed it will become Asia's largest user of emissions control technology by 2015. The authors have subjectively weighed the above constraints to increased coal use in preparing the projections of the future role of coal in the Asian region. This paper shows past trends in coal production and consumption, plus projections of coal production, consumption and trade over the 1994--2015 period. The projections in this paper are useful as a general indicator of long term patterns in Asia. However, there are too many uncertainties about economic growth rates and energy and environmental policies to suggest that the projections will be accurate for every economy. This paper concludes with the preliminary results of research under way, which suggests that increasing economic wealth in China is the most important factor in solving China's coal-related pollution problems.
The Challenges Facing The Chinese Coal Industry
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Author : Huaichuan Rui
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
The Challenges Facing The Chinese Coal Industry written by Huaichuan Rui and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with categories.
China S Changing Coal Industry
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
China S Changing Coal Industry written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Coal mines and mining categories.
China S Coal Industry Transformation
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Author : Xunpeng Shi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
China S Coal Industry Transformation written by Xunpeng Shi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Coal mines and mining categories.
This thesis examines the performance, challenges and prospects of the Chinese coal industry under transformation in the market transition period from 1993 to date. The term 'transformation' is used intentionally to distinguish it from 'transition', which is more commonly used. While issues arising from state-ownership are central in an economic transition, the tenn 'transformation' also takes into account the existence of China's other specific challenges including the many small scale mines, poor mining safety, and pressure on the industry's prospects resulting from increasingly stringent environmental regulations. ... Based on the results of empirical and quantitative analysis, several policy recommendations are proposed which include deepening market reforms of State-owned coal mines through privatisation or relinquishment of state ownership, changes of corporation governance and debt restructuring; and improving governance of small coal mining through improvement of the legal and fiscal frameworks and building of SCM's capacity. The participation of stakeholders is useful in the process of improving safety and regularising small coal mining. The formulation of industrial policies such as participating in the unemployment insurance system, promoting export liberalisation, strengthening mining consolidation, are also recommended. The thesis also argues that the policy of simply closing down mines in China is impractical and ineffective, and that a better alternative is to govern their development through regularisation. The thesis also outlines some directions for future research into the coal industry's transformation.
Coal Supply Challenges For China
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Author : Andrew J. Minchener
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007-01-01
Coal Supply Challenges For China written by Andrew J. Minchener and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-01-01 with Coal categories.
Economic Outlook For Southeast Asia China And India 2017 Addressing Energy Challenges
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Author : OECD
language : en
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Release Date : 2017-01-23
Economic Outlook For Southeast Asia China And India 2017 Addressing Energy Challenges written by OECD and has been published by OECD Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-01-23 with categories.
The Economic Outlook for Southeast Asia, China and India is a bi-annual publication on regional economic growth, development and regional integration in Emerging Asia. It focuses on the economic conditions of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries: Brunei Darussalam ...
Energy Economics
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Author : Yi-Ming Wei
language : en
Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing
Release Date : 2019-09-23
Energy Economics written by Yi-Ming Wei and has been published by Emerald Group Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-09-23 with Business & Economics categories.
This book sets out a systematic piece of research which attempts to assess the level of energy security in China, investigate how national energy supply security might be improved, and consider how energy trade risks might be reduced.
Informing Choices For Meeting China S Energy Challenges
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Author : Zheng Li
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-08-18
Informing Choices For Meeting China S Energy Challenges written by Zheng Li and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-08-18 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book describes the scale and complexity of China’s energy system, using Sankey diagrams to visualize the energy flows across the economy and categorizing the differences between provinces. China’s provinces extend over a vast area and are at different stages of economic development. Regional planning and inter-regional optimization will be essential for planning a future infrastructure that will allow China as a whole to optimize and avoid overcapacity and inefficiency. In this context, it introduces a new energy systems modeling approach and demonstrates its application in the power sector. This power model can help optimize the overall design of the power system and reveal how different future investment choices, e.g. natural gas fired power, only emerge when details such as regional, seasonal and diurnal demand factors are considered. Lastly, it looks at options for mitigating carbon and the major role that renewables & natural gas could play, as well as carbon pricing.
The Geopolitics Of The Global Energy Transition
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Author : Manfred Hafner
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-06-09
The Geopolitics Of The Global Energy Transition written by Manfred Hafner and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-06-09 with Political Science categories.
The world is currently undergoing an historic energy transition, driven by increasingly stringent decarbonisation policies and rapid advances in low-carbon technologies. The large-scale shift to low-carbon energy is disrupting the global energy system, impacting whole economies, and changing the political dynamics within and between countries. This open access book, written by leading energy scholars, examines the economic and geopolitical implications of the global energy transition, from both regional and thematic perspectives. The first part of the book addresses the geopolitical implications in the world’s main energy-producing and energy-consuming regions, while the second presents in-depth case studies on selected issues, ranging from the geopolitics of renewable energy, to the mineral foundations of the global energy transformation, to governance issues in connection with the changing global energy order. Given its scope, the book will appeal to researchers in energy, climate change and international relations, as well as to professionals working in the energy industry.