Pemodelan Mekanisme Erupsi Gempa Vulkanik

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Pemodelan Mekanisme Erupsi Gempa Vulkanik

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Author : Susilawati
language : id
Publisher: Penerbit NEM
Release Date : 2022-02-08

Pemodelan Mekanisme Erupsi Gempa Vulkanik written by Susilawati and has been published by Penerbit NEM this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-02-08 with Juvenile Nonfiction categories.

Buku ini membahas tentang pemodelan sumber gempa vulkanik yang terjadi di Gunungapi Anak Krakatau pada tanggal 13 Desember 1992. Tujuan pemodelan adalah untuk memprediksi mekanisme erupsi. Data direkam menggunakan seismometer komponen vertikal tunggal (L4 Mark-Product dengan frekuensi-diri 1 Hz). Perekaman aktivitas vulkanik dilakukan di bagian selatan pulau Anak Krakatau (6° 06 05 8" dan 105° 25' 22.3") yang berjarak 500 m dari pusat kegiatan dan pada ketinggian 50 m di atas permukaan laut. Ada dua data seismik yang terekam, yaitu data visual dan data analog. Hasil pengamatan pada data visual, terlihat bahwa semburan magma pada waktu terjadi letusan mengikuti gerak parabola. Sehingga laju alir letusan dapat dihitung sebesar 57.28 m/detik - 62.23 m/detik. Penentuan posisi sumber letusan dilakukan dengan metode selisih waktu tiba gelombang, dengan menganggap medium homogen dan kecepatan gelombang seismik adalah 810 m/detik, maka posisi sumber letusan bisa ditentukan pada kedalaman 92.64 m - 207.19 m di bawah puncak. Analisis spektral terhadap delapan buah event menunjukkan kandungan frekuensi 1 Hz - 4 Hz dan frekuensi dominan 1.75 Hz - 2.31 Hz. Sumber gempa vulkanik gunungapi Anak Krakatau dapat dimodelkan dengan suatu fungsi transfer dike tunggal. Dari penerapan model diperoleh panjang pipa antara 87.61 m - 115.66 m. Mekanisme erupsi dapat diprediksi secara kuantitatif karena adanya aliran fluida magma di dalam saluran yang berbentuk pipa organa. Fluida magma tersebut berasal dari sumber yang dalam mengisi kantong magma yang di atasnya.

Buku Pintar Penanggulangan Erupsi Gunung Merapi

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Author : Indah Arohmawati
language : id
Publisher: DIVA PRESS
Release Date :

Buku Pintar Penanggulangan Erupsi Gunung Merapi written by Indah Arohmawati and has been published by DIVA PRESS this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with Nature categories.

Manusia sebagai makhluk yang dominan di permukaan bumi memerlukan pengetahuan untuk mengelola setiap unsur dalam ruang permukaan bumi. Tanpa memiliki kecerdasan spasial yang mumpuni, manusia tidak akan bijak dalam mengelola lingkungan, sehingga bencana akan senantiasa datang cepat atau lambat. Bencana alam seperti gunung meletus yang terjadi tentu akan menimbulkan dampak kerusakan lingkungan maupun merenggut nyawa seseorang. Berdasarkan hal tersebut melalui buku ini manusia diharapkan dapat mengurangi ataupun menciptakan upaya baru dalam menanggulangi bencana alam yang akan terjadi tersebut.

Introduction To Volcanic Seismology

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Author : Vyacheslav M Zobin
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2011-12-08

Introduction To Volcanic Seismology written by Vyacheslav M Zobin and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-12-08 with Science categories.

Volcanic seismology represents the main, and often the only, tool to forecast volcanic eruptions and to monitor the eruption process. This book describes the main types of seismic signals at volcanoes, their nature and spatial and temporal distributions at different stages of eruptive activity. Following from the success of the first edition, published in 2003, the second edition consists of 19 chapters including significant revision and five new chapters. Organized into four sections, the book begins with an introduction to the history and topic of volcanic seismology, discussing the theoretical and experimental models that were developed for the study of the origin of volcanic earthquakes. The second section is devoted to the study of volcano-tectonic earthquakes, giving the theoretical basis for their occurrence and swarms as well as case stories of volcano-tectonic activity associated with the eruptions at basaltic, andesitic, and dacitic volcanoes. There were 40 cases of volcanic eruptions at 20 volcanoes that occurred all over the world from 1910 to 2005, which are discussed. General regularities of volcano-tectonic earthquake swarms, their participation in the eruptive process, their source properties, and the hazard of strong volcano-tectonic earthquakes are also described. The third section describes the theoretical basis for the occurrence of eruption earthquakes together with the description of volcanic tremor, the seismic signals associated with pyroclastic flows, rockfalls and lahars, and volcanic explosions, long-period and very-long-period seismic signals at volcanoes, micro-earthquake swarms, and acoustic events. The final section discuss the mitigation of volcanic hazard and include the methodology of seismic monitoring of volcanic activity, the examples of forecasting of volcanic eruptions by seismic methods, and the description of seismic activity in the regions of dormant volcanoes. This book will be essential for students and practitioners of volcanic seismology to understand the essential elements of volcanic eruptions. Provides a comprehensive overview of seismic signals at different stages of volcano eruption. Discusses dozens of case histories from around the world to provide real-world applications. Illustrations accompany detailed descriptions of volcano eruptions alongside the theories involved.

Introduction To Seismology

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Author : Peter M. Shearer
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2009-06-11

Introduction To Seismology written by Peter M. Shearer and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-06-11 with Science categories.

This book provides an approachable and concise introduction to seismic theory, designed as a first course for undergraduate students. It clearly explains the fundamental concepts, emphasizing intuitive understanding over lengthy derivations. Incorporating over 30% new material, this second edition includes all the topics needed for a one-semester course in seismology. Additional material has been added throughout including numerical methods, 3-D ray tracing, earthquake location, attenuation, normal modes, and receiver functions. The chapter on earthquakes and source theory has been extensively revised and enlarged, and now includes details on non-double-couple sources, earthquake scaling, radiated energy, and finite slip inversions. Each chapter includes worked problems and detailed exercises that give students the opportunity to apply the techniques they have learned to compute results of interest and to illustrate the Earth's seismic properties. Computer subroutines and datasets for use in the exercises are available at www.cambridge.org/shearer.

Catastrophe

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Author : David Keys
language : en
Publisher: Ballantine Books
Release Date : 2000-10-02

Catastrophe written by David Keys and has been published by Ballantine Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000-10-02 with History categories.

It was a catastrophe without precedent in recorded history: for months on end, starting in A.D. 535, a strange, dusky haze robbed much of the earth of normal sunlight. Crops failed in Asia and the Middle East as global weather patterns radically altered. Bubonic plague, exploding out of Africa, wiped out entire populations in Europe. Flood and drought brought ancient cultures to the brink of collapse. In a matter of decades, the old order died and a new world—essentially the modern world as we know it today—began to emerge. In this fascinating, groundbreaking, totally accessible book, archaeological journalist David Keys dramatically reconstructs the global chain of revolutions that began in the catastrophe of A.D. 535, then offers a definitive explanation of how and why this cataclysm occurred on that momentous day centuries ago. The Roman Empire, the greatest power in Europe and the Middle East for centuries, lost half its territory in the century following the catastrophe. During the exact same period, the ancient southern Chinese state, weakened by economic turmoil, succumbed to invaders from the north, and a single unified China was born. Meanwhile, as restless tribes swept down from the central Asian steppes, a new religion known as Islam spread through the Middle East. As Keys demonstrates with compelling originality and authoritative research, these were not isolated upheavals but linked events arising from the same cause and rippling around the world like an enormous tidal wave. Keys's narrative circles the globe as he identifies the eerie fallout from the months of darkness: unprecedented drought in Central America, a strange yellow dust drifting like snow over eastern Asia, prolonged famine, and the hideous pandemic of the bubonic plague. With a superb command of ancient literatures and historical records, Keys makes hitherto unrecognized connections between the "wasteland" that overspread the British countryside and the fall of the great pyramid-building Teotihuacan civilization in Mexico, between a little-known "Jewish empire" in Eastern Europe and the rise of the Japanese nation-state, between storms in France and pestilence in Ireland. In the book's final chapters, Keys delves into the mystery at the heart of this global catastrophe: Why did it happen? The answer, at once surprising and definitive, holds chilling implications for our own precarious geopolitical future. Wide-ranging in its scholarship, written with flair and passion, filled with original insights, Catastrophe is a superb synthesis of history, science, and cultural interpretation.

Monitoring And Mitigation Of Volcano Hazards

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Author : Roberto Scarpa
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06

Monitoring And Mitigation Of Volcano Hazards written by Roberto Scarpa and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.

By the year 2000, the number of people at risk from volcanic hazards is likely to increase to around half a billion. Since 1980, significant advances have been made in volcano monitoring, the data from which provides the sole scientific basis for eruption prediction. Here, internationally renowned and highly experienced specialists provide 25 comprehensive articles covering a wide range of related topics: monitoring techniques and data analysis; modelling of monitoring data and eruptive phenomena; volcanic hazards and risk assessment; and volcanic emergency management. Selected case histories of recent volcanic disasters, such as Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, demonstrate that effective communication - between scientists, civil authorities, the media and the population at risk - is essential to reducing the danger.

Of Poles And Zeros

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Author : F. Scherbaum
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06

Of Poles And Zeros written by F. Scherbaum and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.

Digital signal processing has become an integral part of observational seismology. Seismic waveforms and the parameters commonly extracted from them are strongly influenced by the effects of numerous filters, both within the earth and within the recording system. With the advent of numerous software tools for the processing of digital seismograms, seismologists have unprecedented power in extracting information from seismic records. These tools are often based on sophisticated theoretical aspects of digital signal processing which, to be used properly, need to be understood. This book is aimed at observational seismologists and students in geophysics trying to obtain a basic understanding of those aspects of digital signal processing that are relevant to the interpretation of seismograms. It covers the basic theory of linear systems, the design and analysis of simple digital filters, the effect of sampling and A/D conversion, the calculation of `true ground motion', and the effects of seismic recording systems on parameters extracted from digital seismograms. It contains numerous examples and exercises together with their solutions.

Rapid Health Assessment Protocols For Emergencies

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Author : World Health Organization
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 1999

Rapid Health Assessment Protocols For Emergencies written by World Health Organization and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Medical categories.

This book provides a collection of ten protocols for conducting rapid health assessments in the immediate aftermath of different types of emergencies. Noting the vital importance of rapid and accurate information in the earliest stage of an emergency, the protocols respond to the urgent need for common standardized technical tools for assessing damage, gauging health risks, and gathering the information immediately needed by decision-makers at the national and international level. The protocols were prepared by WHO in collaboration with a large number of international agencies and experts with broad experience in the field of emergency management. Although all protocols follow a common format, each is specific to the circumstances, potential hazards, and immediate information needs that characterize a distinct type of emergency. Emphasis is placed on the exact information needed, the best sources of data and methods for rapid collection, and the specific questions that need to be answered in order to draw initial conclusions and direct immediate actions. Although the advantages of using experienced assessments teams are stressed, the book also explains how the protocols can be used to train general health workers as part of emergency preparedness. The book opens with an introductory protocol covering the aims and methods, responsibilities, complexities, and inherent difficulties of rapid health assessments. Addressed to health authorities as well as assessment teams, the chapter also includes abundant advice on preparedness for emergencies. Details range from the comparative need for speed in different types of emergencies, through a suggested format for presenting the results of assessments, to a list of common logistic, organizational, and technical errors. Advice on the best working practices, including ways to avoid being an "emergency tourist", is also provided. Against this background, the additional nine protocols are presented according to a common format which covers the purpose of the assessment, preparedness, the steps to follow during the assessment, assessing the impact on health, assessing local response capacity and immediate needs, and presenting results. A general protocol on epidemics of infectious origin is followed by protocols specific to meningitis outbreaks, outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fever, including yellow fever, and outbreaks of acute diarrhoeal disease, with information specific to dysentery and cholera. Sudden-impact natural disasters are covered in the next protocol, which includes a day-by-day list of information priorities for different stages of the disaster. A protocol dealing with sudden population displacements offers guidelines for conducting rapid health assessments in all emergencies caused by sudden displacement of refugees or population groups within a country. Included are a sample checklist for rapid assessments and a sample form for weekly reports on morbidity and mortality. Subsequent protocols deal with the special situations of nutritional emergencies and chemical emergencies, including those caused by food contaminated with chemicals or toxins. The final protocol addresses the difficult task of conducting assessments in complex emergencies in which the cause of the emergency, as well as the assistance to the afflicted, is complicated by intense levels of political considerations. The protocol includes a form which has recently been used for rapid health assessment at local level in Bosnia and Herzegovnia. The book concludes with a brief summary of survey techniques, followed by a tabular presentation of reference values for assessing needs, hazards, and logistic requirements in developing countries.

Disaster Diplomacy

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Author : Ilan Kelman
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2011-08-26

Disaster Diplomacy written by Ilan Kelman and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-08-26 with Nature categories.

When an earthquake hits a war zone or cyclone aid is flown in by an enemy, many ask: Can catastrophe bring peace? Disaster prevention and mitigation provide similar questions. Could setting up a flood warning system bring enemy countries together? Could a regional earthquake building code set the groundwork for wider regional cooperation? This book examines how and why disaster-related activities do and do not create peace and reduce conflict. Disaster-related activities refer to actions before a disaster such as prevention and mitigation along with actions after a disaster such as emergency response, humanitarian relief, and reconstruction. This volume investigates disaster diplomacy case studies from around the world, in a variety of political and disaster circumstances, from earthquakes in Greece and Turkey affecting these neighbours’ bilateral relations to volcanoes and typhoons influencing intra-state conflict in the Philippines. Dictatorships are amongst the case studies, such as Cuba and Burma, along with democracies such as the USA and India. No evidence is found to suggest that disaster diplomacy is a prominent factor in conflict resolution. Instead, disaster-related activities often influence peace processes in the short-term—over weeks and months—provided that a non-disaster-related basis already existed for the reconciliation. That could be secret negotiations between the warring parties or strong trade or cultural links. Over the long-term, disaster-related influences disappear, succumbing to factors such as a leadership change, the usual patterns of political enmity, or belief that an historical grievance should take precedence over disaster-related bonds. This is the first book on disaster diplomacy. Disaster-politics interactions have been studied for decades, but usually from a specific political framing, covering a specific geographical area, or from a specific disaster framing. As well, plenty of quantitative work has been completed, yet the data limitations are rarely admitted openly or thoroughly analysed. Few publications bring together the topics of disasters and politics in terms of a disaster diplomacy framework, yielding a grounded, qualitative, scientific point of view on the topic.

Krakatoa

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Author : Simon Winchester
language : en
Publisher: Penguin UK
Release Date : 2004-06-03

Krakatoa written by Simon Winchester and has been published by Penguin UK this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-06-03 with Nature categories.

Simon Winchester's brilliant chronicle of the destruction of the Indonesian island of Krakatoa in 1883 charts the birth of our modern world. He tells the story of the unrecognized genius who beat Darwin to the discovery of evolution; of Samuel Morse, his code and how rubber allowed the world to talk; of Alfred Wegener, the crack-pot German explorer and father of geology. In breathtaking detail he describes how one island and its inhabitants were blasted out of existence and how colonial society was turned upside-down in a cataclysm whose echoes are still felt to this day.