Phonological Variation During Lexical Activation
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Phonological Variation During Lexical Activation
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Author : Paul C. LoCasto
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1999
Phonological Variation During Lexical Activation written by Paul C. LoCasto and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with English language categories.
Lexical Activation And Phonological Competition In Form Related Priming
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Author : Robert Roland Peterson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1991
Lexical Activation And Phonological Competition In Form Related Priming written by Robert Roland Peterson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Human information processing categories.
Phonological Encoding And Phonetic Duration
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Author : Melinda Fricke
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Phonological Encoding And Phonetic Duration written by Melinda Fricke and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
Studies of connected speech have repeatedly shown that the contextual predictability of a word is related to its phonetic duration; more predictable words tend to be produced with shorter duration, when other factors are controlled for (Aylett & Turk, 2004, 2006; Bell et al., 2003, 2009; Gahl, 2008). Speaker-oriented accounts of phonetic variation posit that the probability of a word in its context is related to its accessibility for planning processes (Jurafsky et al., 2001; Bell et al., 2003; Gahl et al., 2012), with greater accessibility giving rise to shorter durations. However, the mechanism by which accessibility relates to phonetic duration has not been fully elaborated. This dissertation presents data relevant for understanding the connection between lexical accessibility and phonetic duration, and it argues that the relevant mechanism rests at the level of phonological encoding. The motivation and interpretation of the studies assume an interactive spreading activation model of speech production (Dell, 1986, 1988) that includes both sequential encoding of phonological segments (Sevald & Dell, 1994) and cascading activation flow. The primary hypothesis is that examining the effects of phonological neighborhood structure on the phonetic duration of words and segments can shed light on the connection between lexical activation and duration. Three experiments are undertaken to better explain the relationship between neighborhood structure and phonetic duration. Experiment 1 pursues a novel word learning study, in which preschool children are taught words that create minimal pair relationships with already known words. The results indicate that the specific phonological relationships between the words in children's lexicons do not have an appreciable effect on articulatory duration. However, the significant effect of phonotactic probability on children's articulation suggests that the relatively great importance of practice effects (at either the phonological or motor level) may have overshadowed any influence of lexical activation. Experiment 2 provides a reanalysis of data from a previous study that found an effect of minimal pair neighbors on phonetic duration in adults' single word productions. Baese-Berk and Goldrick (2009) found that words with a voicing-initial minimal pair neighbor (e.g. "cod", which has a neighbor "god") were produced with longer voice onset time (VOT) than words without such a neighbor (e.g. cop). The reanalysis presented in the dissertation suggests that this effect may not be related to minimal pair status per se, but rather to the number of neighbors in the lexicon that differ in their initial consonant segment. In addition to the findings for VOT, when segmental content is taken into account, words with more total phonological neighbors are produced with shorter rime duration. These findings support the idea that positional overlap between phonologically related neighbors is facilitatory for phonological encoding, with facilitation being reflected in the time to articulate a given segment. Experiment 3 asks whether the results from the study of adult single word productions can be extended to spontaneous speech. An analysis of the Buckeye Corpus of Conversational Speech (Pitt et al., 2007) indicates that they can; monosyllabic English words beginning with voiceless stop consonants are produced with longer VOT when they have relatively more neighbors differing in the initial consonant. The relationship between total neighborhood density and rime duration is not found to be significant, but the numerical pattern is in the predicted direction. To account for the observed relationship between positional phonological overlap and shorter phonetic duration, the Articulate As Soon As Possible Principle (AASAPP) is proposed. The AASAPP posits that the articulatory plan for a given segment is initiated and executed as quickly as possible, and that the time course for the production plan is related to the activation level of the target segment at the time of selection. Positional competition between co-activated segments is argued to be associated with longer articulatory duration because it slows the process of phonological encoding, while positional overlap is associated with the facilitation of encoding and therefore, articulation.
Phonological And Phonetic Considerations Of Lexical Processing
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Author : Gonia Jarema
language : en
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Release Date : 2015-09-15
Phonological And Phonetic Considerations Of Lexical Processing written by Gonia Jarema and has been published by John Benjamins Publishing Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-09-15 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
The human ability to understand and produce spoken words is fascinating in its complexity. People often vary in how they pronounce a word. They may need to recognize words spoken with an accent quite different from their own. And, in order to understand a word of a second or foreign language, they may need to identify words on the basis of sounds that are difficult to differentiate. This book brings together psycholinguistic research that addresses these topics and highlights how the study of spoken word processing can shed light on fundamental dynamics of language processing. It demonstrates how spoken word processing is affected by the specific characteristics of individual languages and their writing systems and how it grows and changes across the lifespan. The book offers new cutting-edge research on spoken word processing. It will benefit researchers and students interested in language processing as well as readers who wish to broaden their understanding of language in the mind. In particular, this book underlines the value of conducting psycholinguistic research across languages and across the lifespan. Originally published in The Mental Lexicon Vol. 8:3 (2013).
The Time Course Of Phonological Code Activation In Word Recognition A Developmental Study
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Author : Lawrence Allan Adams
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1989
The Time Course Of Phonological Code Activation In Word Recognition A Developmental Study written by Lawrence Allan Adams and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with Word recognition categories.
Computationally Modeling An Incremental Learning Account Of Semantic Interference Through Phonological Influence
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Author : Konstantinos M. Hatalis
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Computationally Modeling An Incremental Learning Account Of Semantic Interference Through Phonological Influence written by Konstantinos M. Hatalis and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
Computer models play a vital role in providing ways to effectively simulate complex systems and to test scientific theories and hypotheses. One major area of success for neural network models in particular has been in cognitive neuroscience for modeling semantic interference effects in memory. When a person sees a picture of an object such as a car multiple times, the memory of that object is primed so that it can be retrieved more effectively. When a picture of a similar object is seen, such as a truck, sharing semantic features with the primed object, then the primed memory of a car would interfere with the retrieval of a truck. This is known as semantic interference. A recent hypothesis by Preusse et al. (2013) puts forward that semantic interference is further increased by the sharing of phonemes among two words. In this thesis a new phonological computer model of lexical retrieval is developed based on this hypothesis using a two layer feedforward Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The new model can represent semantic interference effects through increased lexical activation by phonological features. Simulations were performed in a MATLAB environment each using a different variant of the phonological model. The simulations tested three conditions of activating semantic and phonological features. Results demonstrated that semantic interference is significantly increased when phonological features are activated alongside semantic features versus activating semantic features alone thus supporting the hypothesis by Preusse et al. (2013). The characteristics of the new ANN model could make it useful in studying other phenomena related to memory and learning.
Phonetics And Phonology In Language Comprehension And Production
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Author : Niels O. Schiller
language : en
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
Release Date : 2011-07-13
Phonetics And Phonology In Language Comprehension And Production written by Niels O. Schiller and has been published by Walter de Gruyter this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-07-13 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This edited volume investigates the role of phonetics and phonology in psycholinguistics. Speaking and understanding spoken language both engage phonological and phonetic knowledge. There are detailed models of phonological and phonetic encoding in language production and there are equally refined models of phonetic and phonological processing in language comprehension. However, since most psycholinguists work on either language production or comprehension, the relationship between the two has received surprisingly little attention. Prominent researchers in various areas of psycholinguistics were invited to discuss this relationship focusing on the phonological and phonetic components.
A Cross Language Investigation Of Phonetic And Phonological Processing Of Lexical Tone
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Author : Xianghua Wu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
A Cross Language Investigation Of Phonetic And Phonological Processing Of Lexical Tone written by Xianghua Wu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Chinese language categories.
In an investigation of how lexical tone is perceived and processed at the phonetic and phonological levels, listeners from diverse language backgrounds participated in three perceptual studies. In the first, native Mandarin and Thai listeners assimilated non-native tones to their native tone categories. Results indicated that occurrence of a lower-level phonetic and a higher-level phonological assimilation process was related to listeners' tone experience, as inexperienced listeners recognized only the phonetic distinctions, whereas experienced listeners were sensitive to both the phonetic and phonological distinctions between native and non-native tone categories. In the second study, native Mandarin, Thai and English listeners participated in a forced-choice tone perception test in which they identified the four Mandarin tone categories. Identification accuracy and confusion patterns revealed that previous tone experience predicted tone perception at the phonetic and phonological levels. Better performance was demonstrated for native than non-native, and experienced than inexperienced listeners. Experienced Thai listeners also showed more native-like performance than experienced English listeners. Tone 2 and Tone 3 were the most confusable tone pair for all but the inexperienced English listeners. Lexical information from the carrier words was also found to help Mandarin and English listeners recognize difficult tones. In the third study, participants from the second one completed a dichotic listening test assessing tone lateralization in the brain. The results demonstrated a strong influence of acoustic properties, as tones with dynamic F0 contours were lateralized to the left hemisphere while those with flatter F0 contours were lateralized to the right hemisphere. Meanwhile, native and non-native tone experience was associated with a larger degree of left hemisphere activation for Mandarin and experienced Thai listeners relative to those in the remaining groups. In summary, these three studies indicate tone perception and processing at both the phonetic and phonological levels. In relation to tone experience, inexperienced listeners may attach more importance to phonetic variation while experienced listeners are sensitive to both the phonetic and phonological differences. In terms of theoretical contributions, tone perception results extend the current models of speech perception to the suprasegmental level while tone lateralization results provide evidence supporting the acoustic and functional hypotheses.
Variation And Gradience In Phonetics And Phonology
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Author : Frank Kügler
language : en
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
Release Date : 2009-08-17
Variation And Gradience In Phonetics And Phonology written by Frank Kügler and has been published by Walter de Gruyter this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-08-17 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This book provides an overview of current issues in variation and gradience in phonetics, phonology and sociolinguistics. It contributes to the growing interest in gradience and variation in theoretical phonology by combing research on the factors underlying variability and systematic quantitative results with theoretical phonological considerations. Variation is inherent to language, and one of the aims of phonological theory is to describe and explain the mechanisms underlying variation at every level of phonological representation. Variation below the segment concerns articulatory, acoustic and perceptual cues that contribute to the formation of natural classes of sounds. At the segmental level there are grammatical differences in the production and perception of contextual variation of segments and in the syntagmatic constraints on the combination of segments. At the suprasegmental level the mapping of tones to grammatical functions and vice versa is discussed. Further aspects addressed in this book are factors outside of language: Variation that arises as a result of a particular dialect or of belonging to a certain age group, or variation that is the consequence of language change. Gradience and variation have always been a central issue in phonetic and sociolinguistic research. Gradience introduces variation in phonology as well. If a phonetic entity can be pronounced in different ways, depending on the environment, prosodic factors or dialectal influences, this ‘gradience’ may introduce ‘variation’, which we understand as a stable state of grammar.
Phonology In Perception
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Author : Paul Boersma
language : en
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
Release Date : 2009-12-15
Phonology In Perception written by Paul Boersma and has been published by Walter de Gruyter this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-12-15 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
The book consists of nine chapters dealing with the interaction of speech perception and phonology. Rather than accepting the common assumption that perceptual considerations influence phonological behaviour, the book aims to investigate the reverse direction of causation, namely the extent to which phonological knowledge guides the speech perception process. Most of the chapters discuss formalizations of the speech perception process that involve ranked phonological constraints. Theoretical frameworks argued for are Natural Phonology, Optimality Theory, and the Neigbourhood Activation Model. The book discusses the perception of segments, stress, and intonation in the fields of loanword adaptation, second language acquisition, and sound change. The book is of interest to phonologists, phoneticians and psycholinguists working on the phonetics-phonology interface, and to everybody who is interested in the idea that phonology is not production alone.
