Pm2 5
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Who Global Air Quality Guidelines
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Author : Weltgesundheitsorganisation
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2021-09-07
Who Global Air Quality Guidelines written by Weltgesundheitsorganisation and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-09-07 with Nature categories.
The main objective of these updated global guidelines is to offer health-based air quality guideline levels, expressed as long-term or short-term concentrations for six key air pollutants: PM2.5, PM10, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. In addition, the guidelines provide interim targets to guide reduction efforts of these pollutants, as well as good practice statements for the management of certain types of PM (i.e., black carbon/elemental carbon, ultrafine particles, particles originating from sand and duststorms). These guidelines are not legally binding standards; however, they provide WHO Member States with an evidence-informed tool, which they can use to inform legislation and policy. Ultimately, the goal of these guidelines is to help reduce levels of air pollutants in order to decrease the enormous health burden resulting from the exposure to air pollution worldwide.
Pm2 5
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Author : Ying-Ji Li
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Pm2 5 written by Ying-Ji Li and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING categories.
Air pollution has been associated with significant adverse health effects, including increased morbidity and mortality. The global increase in the prevalence of diseases that are associated with exposure to air pollution is of great concern. In particular, severe PM2.5 pollution occurs in Asian countries due to increasing emissions of air pollutants caused by the countries' rapid economic growth. A number of studies have been performed to clarify the association between PM2.5 and disorders such as asthma, ischemic cardiovascular diseases, arteriosclerosis, cancer, and neurological disorders. It is important to protect populations that are susceptible to such pollution. While the characterization and monitoring of pollutant components currently dictates pollution control policies, it will be necessary to identify susceptible populations in order to adequately target prevention strategies for the health effects of air pollution. This book offers a comprehensive review of the recent advances in our understanding of the health effects of PM2.5, the role of oxidative stress in these effects, the contribution of ultrafine fractions of PM2.5 to the health effects, and discusses prevention strategies for these health effects. It also suggests further risk assessment, risk management, and novel policies for PM2.5 pollution, required to protect public health.
Attribution Of Pm2 5 Health Impacts In Asia Pacific
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Author : Kingshuk Dasadhikari
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Attribution Of Pm2 5 Health Impacts In Asia Pacific written by Kingshuk Dasadhikari and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
Asia-Pacific anthropogenic emissions have changed rapidly in recent years due to industrialization, increasing mobility, and emissions controls. Although these changes have altered the region's burden of premature mortalities due to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), the contribution of each sector and effectiveness of different policy measures has not yet been quantified. Such data would inform future decision-making on both policy effectiveness and the relative importance of controlling emissions from different sectors. This study estimates changes in regional anthropogenic emissions by industrial sector between 2010 and 2015, based on sector-level activity indicators and enacted emission controls. These factors are applied to an existing high-resolution emissions inventory for 2010 to estimate emissions up to 2015. Using a chemical transport model, the effects of changes in each sector's contribution to total PM2.5-driven premature mortalities are calculated for 2010 - 2015, in addition to the total contribution of each sector to premature mortality in 2015. 2,000,000 (95% CI: 1,740,000-2,260,000) annual global PM2.5-driven premature mortalities are attributed to Asia-Pacific anthropogenic sectoral emissions in 2015. The agricultural, industrial, and residential sectors constitute the top three sources of these total impacts. Between 2010 and 2015, sustained economic and activity growth, particularly in South and Southeast Asia, have led to 129,000 (95% CI: 106,000-166,000) additional annual premature mortalities, primarily across India, Indonesia, and Bangladesh. The energy and industrial sectors, in particular, cause 38,000 and 45,000 additional annual premature mortalities across these three countries respectively. Simultaneously, falling activity rates in other countries due to structural changes such as electrification of railroads, as well as newly introduced abatement measures over this period, including China's Action Plan on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution as well as region-wide adoption of Euro IV/V/VI-compliant road vehicle emission and fuel quality standards have led to a total reduction of 95,000 (95% CI: 76,000-129,000) annual premature mortalities, primarily across East Asia, including China and Japan. These opposing drivers result in a net change of an additional 34,000 (95% CI: 23,000-47,000) PM2.5-driven annual premature mortalities between 2010 and 2015 due to Asia-Pacific anthropogenic emissions.
Site Specific Pm2 5 Estimation At Three Urban Scales
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Author : Yogita Yashawant Karale
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Site Specific Pm2 5 Estimation At Three Urban Scales written by Yogita Yashawant Karale and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with Air quality categories.
Fine particulate matter, also known as PM2.5, is one of the major risk factors to human health. Because of their small size, these particles travel deep within human lungs and pose a variety of health problems. A primary source of acquiring PM2.5 exposure is based on the nearest groundlevel air quality monitoring station. However, these stations are often few and sparsely located due to their high costs for installation and maintenance. This study addresses three challenges related to PM2.5. First, the number of air-quality monitoring sites is insufficient to acquire the complex spatial variability of PM2.5. Therefore, in-situ ground observations fail to characterize PM2.5 distribution, and hence exposure, adequately. The shortfall calls for models capable of estimating PM2.5 at unmonitored locations. Satellite-based Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) serves as a proxy to estimate PM2.5. Second, although satellite data can supplement PM2.5 estimates at unmonitored locations, the spatial resolutions of satellite-based estimates of PM2.5 are in the order of kilometers. These spatial grains are too coarse to capture PM2.50́9s spatial variation caused by contextual geographic factors such as buildings, and subsequently the estimates0́9 applicabilities to support environmental exposome on health effects. Third, the current standards measure PM2.5 in terms of mass per volume, but findings from some recent studies suggest that alternative measures of PM2.5 are also strongly associated with adverse health outcomes. However, observations in terms of these measures are not available. The dissertation research aimed to address the three challenges in three studies. The first study evaluated the potential of the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) approach to downscale PM2.5 using satellite-based AOD and meteorological data using Dallas-Fort Worth as a case study. The study developed a model capable of estimating PM2.5 corresponding to the hour of satellite overpass time and examined environmental predictors commonly available for all monitored or non-monitored locations. In particular, the study investigated the effect of the spatial extent to which predictors from the surrounding area influenced the PM2.5 estimates at a location. The results showed that the proposed CNN model effectively estimates PM2.5 concentration with correlation coefficient (R) of 0.87 and root mean squared error (RMSE) of 2.57 Îơg/m3 . Moreover, spatially lagged variables from a wider area around an estimation location improved the model performance. As most monitoring stations were in open areas, data from these stations could not be used to examine the effect of contextual factors, such as the building on PM2.5. The second study evaluated the effects of contextual geographic factors on PM2.5 in mass per volume (i.e., standard measures) in pedestrian-friendly areas on the University of Texas at Dallas campus. The study used a mobile sensor to collect spatial and temporal fineresolution PM2.5 data on the campus. The study found very low spatial variation in the study area less than 1km2 . Furthermore, weather-related variables played a dominant role in PM2.5 distribution as temporal variation over-powered spatial variation in PM2.5 data. The study employed a fixed effect model to assess the effect of time-invariant building morphological characteristics on PM2.5 and found that building0́9s morphological characteristics explained 33.22% variation in the fixed effects in the model. Furthermore, openness in the direction of wind elevated the PM2.5 concentration. The third study investigated the potential of AOD to downscale Particle Number (PN) concentration, an alternative measure of PM2.5, and the effect of building morphology on PN concentration using PN measurements collected across the streets of San Francisco by the Google streetcar. The study showed that AOD remained useful to estimate street-level PN concentration across five different particle sizes. The subsequent analysis of variable importance revealed that AOD and AOD-related variables were more important than building morphology but less important than meteorological variables in the estimation of PN concentration.
Source Apportionment Of Pm2 5 In Milan By Pmf Receptor Model
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Author : Sanja Savic
language : en
Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
Release Date : 2019-05-31
Source Apportionment Of Pm2 5 In Milan By Pmf Receptor Model written by Sanja Savic and has been published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-05-31 with categories.
This case study discusses the application of a multivariate receptor model, the EPA PMF 5.0 to the PM2.5 dataset from Lombardy region in Italy. The aim of the study is to perform source apportionment investigation of the applied dataset and identify different PM2.5 sources that greatly impact the composition of particulate matter in the studied region. PMF model evaluates contribution to diverse source types of measured PM2.5 concentrations by investigating chemical composition of ambient pollution samples. As a type of receptor models, PMF used as an input data, PM concentrations and their relative chemical specification and provides as an outcome the number of sources, their composition and the source contributions. The analysis of total annual PM2.5 mass concentration revealed presence of 6 sources (secondary sulfate, traffic non-exhaust, biomass combustion/break wear, domestic heating, re-suspended soil dust and secondary nitrate).
A Breath Of Fresher Air
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Author : Lawson Andrew Hill
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
A Breath Of Fresher Air written by Lawson Andrew Hill and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Airborne particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) is among the biggest determinants of disease world-wide. In 2013, exposure to PM2.5 caused an estimated 7 million deaths and 189 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). About half of this calculated burden arises from the indoor residential use of solid fuels - like wood, coal, dung, and crop waste - for cooking, a practice common to about 2.8 billion people. The rest is attributable to ambient concentrations produced by combustion sources like power plants, heating utilities and appliances, and motor vehicles. Despite the ubiquity of the problem, many monitoring, research, and policy efforts employ proxies of total exposure like outdoor ambient concentrations. These proxies are inadequate for the quantification of actual exposures and can prove misleading when used to estimate health effects. More work is needed to progress the use of total exposure - which is often a complex function of a person's interaction with numerous environments with varying PM2.5 concentrations - as a proper PM2.5 risk metric. The first research chapter of this dissertation, Chapter 2, estimates changes in total PM2.5 exposure from indoor concentrations (including contributions from second hand smoke), outdoor concentrations, and time-activity in 2014 and in 2024 under alternative emissions policy pathways in one of the most polluted capital cities on Earth: Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar's air pollution crisis is seasonal; heavy use of residential coal heating during its harsh and lengthy winters produces some of the worst air pollution in the world, but many cities are more polluted on an annual basis. With this in mind, seasonal exposure patterns are considered separately to produce estimates of annual exposures. These values are combined with projected background disease and population levels and some of the latest available exposure-response functions to project PM2.5-related health impacts. Policy pathways are estimated for business as usual; moderate reductions in heating, power plant, and motor vehicle emissions; and major reductions in the same sectors. The analysis estimates a 2014 population-wide annual average exposure of 59 μg/m3, which increases to 60 μg/m3 in 2024 under business as usual but falls to 32 μg/m3 and 12 μg/m3 under moderate and major emissions control policies, respectively. Annual PM2.5-related deaths and DALYs are estimated at about 1,400 and 40,000, respectively, in 2014. Under business as usual, about 18,000 deaths and 530,000 DALYs are accrued through 2024. Exposure reductions resulting from the moderate control policy pathway avert an estimated 110,000 DALYs and 4,000 deaths from the business as usual pathway between 2014-2024. An estimated 240,000 DALYs and 8,000 deaths are averted under major reduction policies. In all, Chapter 2 highlights the need for aggressive action, especially related to residential heating and tobacco smoking, to avert a growing pollution crisis in Ulaanbaatar. Chapter 3 presents some of the first personal PM2.5 exposure measurements conducted in rural Lao women cooking primarily with wood. Measurements were taken during a stove intervention program in which traditional open fire and bucket stoves were ostensibly replaced with an ACE-1 fan stove. Average 48-hour concentrations before and after the intervention are reported at 123 μg/m3 and 81 μg/m3, respectively. Measurements of kitchen concentrations, ambient concentrations, and other environmental data are combined with an extensive set of survey responses to reliably model mean 48-hour average PM2.5 exposures before and after the intervention using machine learning, ensemble, and cross-validation techniques (for the full model: r2 = 0.26, predicted mean before intervention = 120 μmg/m3, predicted mean after intervention = 88 μg/m3). Chapter 4 proposes the use of a household appliance, the smart smoke detector, as a tool for cost-effectively monitoring indoor PM2.5 concentrations, which are often overlooked by regulatory monitoring networks and health effects research. A particularly popular smart smoke detector, the Nest Protect, is reverse engineered. Its onboard optical sensor is co-opted and characterized for the real-time measurement of PM2.5 mass concentrations. Very good agreement is observed between processed Nest Protect signal and output from a co-located research grade monitor, the DustTrak II (r2 > 0.99). The final chapter, Chapter 5, reiterates the thread common among Chapters 3-5 - advancing PM2.5 risk science through better estimation of total exposures - and discusses key areas for future research.
Revising Pm2 5 Emissions From Residential Combustion 2005 2019 Implications For Air Quality Concentrations And Trends
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Author : Simpson, David
language : en
Publisher: Nordic Council of Ministers
Release Date : 2022-08-31
Revising Pm2 5 Emissions From Residential Combustion 2005 2019 Implications For Air Quality Concentrations And Trends written by Simpson, David and has been published by Nordic Council of Ministers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-08-31 with Science categories.
Available online: https://pub.norden.org/temanord2022-540/ Condensable primary organic aerosols are a class of compounds that are vapour phase at stack conditions, but which can undergo both condensation and evaporation as the stack air is cooled and diluted upon discharge into ambient air. In the current emission reporting to the Air Convention, some countries include, and some exclude such emissions in their inventories. In this study, new residential combustion emission estimates have been developed for the years 2005-2019, with improved and consistent estimation of condensable emissions. A series of modelling runs has shown that condensables can have significant effects on air quality, trends, and source-receptor relationships, but many scientific issues remain concerning their characteristics. However, these new emissions provide the best available basis for future improvements in both the emission inventories and model formulations.
Pm2 5 And Pm10 Hot Spot Analyses In Project Level Transportation Conformity Determinations For The New Pm2 5 And Existing Pm10 National Ambient Air Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation 2018
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Author : Law Library
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2018-08-27
Pm2 5 And Pm10 Hot Spot Analyses In Project Level Transportation Conformity Determinations For The New Pm2 5 And Existing Pm10 National Ambient Air Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation 2018 written by Law Library and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-08-27 with categories.
PM2.5 and PM10 Hot-Spot Analyses in Project-Level Transportation Conformity Determinations for the New PM2.5 and Existing PM10 National Ambient Air (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the PM2.5 and PM10 Hot-Spot Analyses in Project-Level Transportation Conformity Determinations for the New PM2.5 and Existing PM10 National Ambient Air (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 This final rule establishes the criteria for determining which transportation projects must be analyzed for local particle emissions impacts in PM2.5 and PM10 nonattainment and maintenance areas. This rule establishes requirements in PM 2.5 areas and revises existing requirements in PM 10 areas. If required, an analysis of local particle emissions impacts is done as part of a transportation project's conformity determination. EPA is requiring a local particle emissions impacts analysis for certain transportation projects to ensure that these projects do not adversely impact the national ambient air quality standards and human health. The Clean Air Act requires federally supported highway and transit projects to be consistent with ("conform to") the purpose of a state air quality implementation plan. EPA has consulted with the Department of Transportation (DOT) on the development of this final rule, and DOT concurs with its content. This book contains: - The complete text of the PM2.5 and PM10 Hot-Spot Analyses in Project-Level Transportation Conformity Determinations for the New PM2.5 and Existing PM10 National Ambient Air (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section
Protocol For Applying And Validating The Cmb Model For Pm2 5 And Voc
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date :
Protocol For Applying And Validating The Cmb Model For Pm2 5 And Voc written by and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.
Improving The Understanding Of Pm2 5 And Ozone Chemistry From Air Quality Monitoring For More Accurate Prediction Of Power Generation Impacts
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Author : Nancy Brown
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Improving The Understanding Of Pm2 5 And Ozone Chemistry From Air Quality Monitoring For More Accurate Prediction Of Power Generation Impacts written by Nancy Brown and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Air quality management categories.