Poliomyelitis Eradication
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Poliomyelitis Eradication
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Author : Pan American Health Organization
language : en
Publisher: Pan American Health Org
Release Date : 2006
Poliomyelitis Eradication written by Pan American Health Organization and has been published by Pan American Health Org this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Medical categories.
This publication is one of a series of practical field guides produced by the Pan American Health Organization with best practice guidance for immunisation programmes in the region. The last case of poliomyelitis in the Americas was detected in 1991, and this guide contains information on the strategies needed to maintain polio eradication in the region. Sections cover: epidemiology, clinical aspects, vaccines, immunisation activities, epidemiological surveillance, case investigation and monitoring.
Polio
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Author : Thomas Abraham
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2018-09-01
Polio written by Thomas Abraham and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-09-01 with Medical categories.
In 1988, the World Health Organization launched a twelve-year campaign to wipe out polio. Thirty years and several billion dollars over budget later, the campaign grinds on, vaccinating millions of children and hoping that each new year might see an end to the disease. But success remains elusive, against a surprisingly resilient virus, an unexpectedly weak vaccine and the vagaries of global politics, meeting with indifference from governments and populations alike. How did an innocuous campaign to rid the world of a crippling disease become a hostage of geopolitics? Why do parents refuse to vaccinate their children against polio? And why have poorly paid door-to-door healthworkers been assassinated? Thomas Abraham reports on the ground in search of answers.
Exploring The Role Of Antiviral Drugs In The Eradication Of Polio
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2006-06-04
Exploring The Role Of Antiviral Drugs In The Eradication Of Polio written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-06-04 with Medical categories.
Exploring the Role of Antiviral Drugs in the Eradication of Polio: Workshop Report, is a report of a workshop in which experts evaluated whether an antiviral drug against poliovirus would be helpful in the final stages of the global polio eradication campaign. The World Health Organization currently plans to stop using oral polio vaccine three years after the detection of the last case of transmission of wild polio virus. This is because the vaccine contains live, weakened polio viruses that can spread and revert to virulence in populations that have not been immunized. Under this plan, an antiviral drug could be useful to control any polio outbreaks caused by a vaccine-derived virus that might occur after vaccination ends and the number of unimmunized people in the world steadily increases. The report recommends that planning and development of such drugs should be initiated now. It identifies several promising targets for drug development and outlines the steps needed for planning for clinical trials and regulatory approval.
Polio Eradication Field Guide
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Pan American Health Organization
Release Date : 1994
Polio Eradication Field Guide written by and has been published by Pan American Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Medical categories.
Poliomyelitis
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Author : Matthew Smallman-Raynor
language : en
Publisher: Oxford Geographical and Enviro
Release Date : 2006
Poliomyelitis written by Matthew Smallman-Raynor and has been published by Oxford Geographical and Enviro this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with History categories.
In the 20th century, poliomyelitis emerged to become a global crippler and killer. But, with the development of preventive vaccines in the 1950s, it looks set to be the first disease to be eliminated by direct human intervention. Divided into four parts, this book presents a world geography of poliomyelitis.
Global Polio Eradication Initiative
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Author : World Health Organization. Global Polio Eradication Initiative
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Global Polio Eradication Initiative written by World Health Organization. Global Polio Eradication Initiative and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Poliomyelitis categories.
Since the creation in 1988 of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), the incidence of polio has been cut by 99%. Between 2003 and 2006, polio eradication faced several serious challenges: four countries continued to have transmission of wild poliovirus; international spread from two of these countries resulted in the re-infection of previously polio-free areas; and both these developments generated questions about the feasibility of polio eradication. The year 2007 marked a turning point for the GPEI. Aided by the development of new-generation tools and tactics, an intensified polio eradication effort was launched, sequentially targeting type 1 polio-virus (the most paralytic), then type 3. By the end of the year, type 1 polio was reduced by 81% over 2006, the sharpest ever drop in a single year. The intensified eradication effort was the outcome of a consultation of GPEI stakeholders in February 2007 to determine the collective capacity of the international community to overcome the remaining hurdles to stopping wild poliovirus transmission globally. Engaging the Heads of Government and local leaders in polio-affected countries in a sustained dialogue, this intensified effort optimized the use of powerful monovalent oral polio vaccines (mOPV), enhanced social research and new, tailored tactics to ensure that all children were reached with the vaccines. Two of the key landmarks at the end of the year encapsulate more clearly than any other the recent progress and re-affirm the technical feasibility of polio eradication. In India, the western end of Uttar Pradesh state has been at the heart of polio outbreaks in that country since 2000 and is the only area which has never stopped wild poliovirus transmission. By the end of 2007, no cases of type 1 poliovirus had been reported from the core "polio-reservoir" districts of western Uttar Pradesh for over 12 months. On the international arena, six re-infected countries continued to report polio cases in the second half of 2007. In Afghanistan and Pakistan, creative local solutions in conflict situations helped vaccinators reach children in insecure areas. In Nigeria, the bundling of polio vaccine with other health interventions and improvements in campaign operations halved the proportion of children missed in the highest-risk areas during vaccination campaigns. Engagement from top political leaders, stronger local ownership and community involvement resulted in greater visibility of polio eradication efforts, re-energizing local workers and contributing to higher-quality immunization activities. The Director-General and Regional Directors of the World Health Organization (WHO) travelled to transmission hot-spots in all four endemic countries within 12 months of the stakeholder consultation and discussed polio eradication with Heads of Government and leaders in the highest-risk areas. The gains against polio were underpinned by intensified surveillance work at field and laboratory levels, particularly in areas with known gaps in surveillance sensitivity. Most notably, the number of laboratories capable of using the new specimen testing algorithm was doubled, allowing the Global Polio Laboratory Network (GPLN) to detect poliovirus twice as fast in 2007 as in 2006 and enhancing rapid response capacity. With the continued prospect of eradication, research to broaden the current knowledge base for post-eradication risk management was accelerated. To finance the intensification of polio eradication activities, contributions from traditional development partners were substantially complemented by domestic financing from the Government of India and an extraordinary re-programming of International Finance Facility for Immunization (IFFIm) funds previously earmarked for a post-eradication vaccine stockpile. Advances made in the course of the year catalysed a vote of confidence from Rotary International and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which in November 2007 announced a partnership to inject US$ 200 million into the GPEI over the next four years. At the request of stakeholders, the GPEI has published, for the first time, a five year budget (2008-2012), requiring US$ 1.8 billion. The 2008-09 funding gap is US$ 490 million (US$ 135 million for 2008), as of May 2008. In November 2007, the principal advisory group to WHO for vaccines and immunization, the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE), reviewed the intensified polio eradication effort and affirmed that interruption of wild poliovirus transmission globally was possible, noting that northern Nigeria presented a risk to this goal In the same month, the Advisory Committee on Poliomyelitis Eradication (ACPE), the global body providing strategic guidance to the polio eradication effort, stated that the progress achieved during the year warranted an extension of the intensified activities. In 2008, GPEI focus is on stopping all transmission of type 1 polio, while controlling the upsurge of type 3 polio in India, before moving on to address remaining type 3 poliovirus in 2009. As of March 2008, the single greatest risk to the end-2008 goal appears to be the situation in northern Nigeria, where more than a fifth of children continue to be missed during vaccination activities in key areas, resulting in a new outbreak that threatens progress both in the country and globally. In each of the four countries, the continued assessment, refinement and introduction of a range of new innovations will be essential to improving operations and creating an optimal environment to interrupt the remaining chains of transmission. The impetus to create this environment must come from sustained political dialogue at all levels and local accountability for reaching all children. The world has a unique chance to deliver a public good--a polio-free world for future generations. The attainment of this public health goal can create momentum for the achievement of other important health initiatives and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In 2007, 1310 children were paralysed by wild poliovirus. Millions more were protected by vaccination. More than five million children and young adults are walking today because of the polio eradication effort; future generations will join them only if the eradication of polio is realized, once and for all.
The Death Of A Disease
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Author : Bernard Seytre
language : en
Publisher: Rutgers University Press
Release Date : 2005
The Death Of A Disease written by Bernard Seytre and has been published by Rutgers University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with History categories.
In 1988, the World Health Organization launched a campaign for global eradication of polio. The goal is closer than ever as fewer than 2,000 people died from the disease in 2002, down from approximately 350,000 in 1988. In this book, the authors tell thestory of this crippling virus that has struck down healthy children for centuries.
Report
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Author : World Health Organization. Technical Advisory Group on the Expanded Programme on Immunization and Poliomyelitis Eradication. Meeting
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
Report written by World Health Organization. Technical Advisory Group on the Expanded Programme on Immunization and Poliomyelitis Eradication. Meeting and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with categories.
Global Eradication Of Polio And Measles
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Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1999
Global Eradication Of Polio And Measles written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Medical categories.
Global Polio Eradication Initiative
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Author : World Health Organization. Global Polio Eradication Initiative
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Global Polio Eradication Initiative written by World Health Organization. Global Polio Eradication Initiative and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Poliomyelitis categories.
The year 2006 began with confirmation that indigenous wild poliovirus transmission had been stopped in Egypt and Niger, reducing the number of endemic countries to a historic low of four. In the remaining countries - Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pakistan - intensification of immunization campaigns succeeded in geographically restricting virus transmission by the end of 2006. In response to rising number of cases in the early part of the year, by May Nigeria rolled out "Immunization Plus Days", adding other health interventions to polio vaccination campaigns and leading to improved coverage. An aggressive immunization response to a large outbreak in India made the outbreak far smaller than in previous years: analysis of the vaccination status of cases showed that children over two years of age were well-vaccinated, enabling a focus on the youngest children, to whom the 'immunity gap' is now limited. New epidemiological studies showed that unique demographic and sanitation conditions in northern India make trivalent oral polio vaccine less effective there than elsewhere, informing a decision to use the more efficacious monovalent vaccine on a larger scale. The sustained poliovirus circulation between Pakistan and Afghanistan, aided by the frequent movement of people across a porous border, sparked closer synchronization of vaccination campaigns and activities at crossing points. In Afghanistan, President Hamid Karzai kept close oversight of polio eradication activities, prompted in part by an outbreak in the Southern Region during the first part of the year which was exacerbated by deteriorating security. Only 10 of the 26 countries re-infected since 2003 were still reporting polio transmission in the second half of 2006, following rapid and intense immunization responses. An important success was the end of the Indonesia and Yemen outbreaks, the largest in case numbers. By the end of the year, high-risk outbreaks from imported virus were limited to central Africa, the Horn of Africa and Bangladesh. Based on the progress in 2006, the Advisory Committee on Poliomyelitis Eradication (ACPE), which provides independent technical counsel to the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, re-affirmed in October the technical and operational feasibility of polio eradication. The ACPE noted that success depended on the remaining four countries, which now have the best tools available to complete eradication: the more potent monovalent oral polio vaccine (mOPV) to boost immunity faster than before and laboratory procedures which halve the time needed to confirm poliovirus and allow for a rapid immunization response.