Prescription Drug Insurance Effects On Drug And Physician Use
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Prescription Drug Insurance Effects On Drug And Physician Use
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Author : Lucy Cuthbertson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
Prescription Drug Insurance Effects On Drug And Physician Use written by Lucy Cuthbertson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Health services accessibility categories.
Making Medicines Affordable
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Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2018-03-01
Making Medicines Affordable written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-03-01 with Medical categories.
Thanks to remarkable advances in modern health care attributable to science, engineering, and medicine, it is now possible to cure or manage illnesses that were long deemed untreatable. At the same time, however, the United States is facing the vexing challenge of a seemingly uncontrolled rise in the cost of health care. Total medical expenditures are rapidly approaching 20 percent of the gross domestic product and are crowding out other priorities of national importance. The use of increasingly expensive prescription drugs is a significant part of this problem, making the cost of biopharmaceuticals a serious national concern with broad political implications. Especially with the highly visible and very large price increases for prescription drugs that have occurred in recent years, finding a way to make prescription medicinesâ€"and health care at largeâ€"more affordable for everyone has become a socioeconomic imperative. Affordability is a complex function of factors, including not just the prices of the drugs themselves, but also the details of an individual's insurance coverage and the number of medical conditions that an individual or family confronts. Therefore, any solution to the affordability issue will require considering all of these factors together. The current high and increasing costs of prescription drugsâ€"coupled with the broader trends in overall health care costsâ€"is unsustainable to society as a whole. Making Medicines Affordable examines patient access to affordable and effective therapies, with emphasis on drug pricing, inflation in the cost of drugs, and insurance design. This report explores structural and policy factors influencing drug pricing, drug access programs, the emerging role of comparative effectiveness assessments in payment policies, changing finances of medical practice with regard to drug costs and reimbursement, and measures to prevent drug shortages and foster continued innovation in drug development. It makes recommendations for policy actions that could address drug price trends, improve patient access to affordable and effective treatments, and encourage innovations that address significant needs in health care.
Powerful Medicines
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Author : Jerry Avorn, M.D.
language : en
Publisher: Vintage
Release Date : 2008-12-10
Powerful Medicines written by Jerry Avorn, M.D. and has been published by Vintage this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-12-10 with Medical categories.
If you believe that the latest blockbuster medication is worth a premium price over your generic brand, or that doctors have access to all the information they need about a drug’s safety and effectiveness each time they write a prescription, Dr. Jerry Avorn has some sobering news. Drawing on more than twenty-five years of patient care, teaching, and research at Harvard Medical School, he shares his firsthand experience of the wide gap in our knowledge of the effectiveness of one medication as compared to another. In Powerful Medicines, he reminds us that every pill we take represents a delicate compromise between the promise of healing, the risk of side effects, and an increasingly daunting price. The stakes on each front grow higher every year as new drugs with impressive power, worrisome side effects, and troubling costs are introduced. This is a comprehensive behind-the-scenes look at issues that affect everyone: our shortage of data comparing the worth of similar drugs for the same condition; alarming lapses in the detection of lethal side effects; the underuse of life-saving medications; lavish marketing campaigns that influence what doctors prescribe; and the resulting upward spiral of costs that places vital drugs beyond the reach of many Americans. In this engagingly written book, Dr. Avorn asks questions that will interest every consumer: How can a product judged safe by the Food and Drug Administration turn out to have unexpectedly lethal side effects? Why has the nation’s drug bill been growing at nearly 20 percent per year? How can physicians and patients pick the best medication in its class? How do doctors actually make their prescribing decisions, and why do those decisions sometimes go wrong? Why do so many Americans suffer preventable illnesses and deaths that proper drug use could have averted? How can the nation gain control over its escalating drug budget without resorting to rationing or draconian governmental controls? Using clinical case histories taken from his own work as a practitioner, researcher, and advocate, Dr. Avorn demonstrates the impressive power of the well-conceived prescription as well as the debacles that can result when medications are misused. He describes an innovative program that employs the pharmaceutical industry’s own marketing techniques to reduce use of some of the most overprescribed and overpriced products. Powerful Medicines offers timely and practical advice on how the nation can improve its drug-approval process, and how patients can work with doctors to make sure their prescriptions are safe, effective, and as affordable as possible. This is a passionate and provocative call for action as well as a compelling work of clear-headed science.
Pills And The Public Purse
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Author : Milton M. Silverman
language : en
Publisher: Univ of California Press
Release Date : 2023-04-28
Pills And The Public Purse written by Milton M. Silverman and has been published by Univ of California Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-04-28 with Health & Fitness categories.
If national health insurance becomes a reality, what options should be considered for the coverage of prescription drugs? The authors—whose Pills, Profits, and Politics has had a dramatic effect on physicians, pharmacists, patients, and the drug industry as well as on federal and state legislators—insist that the major objective must be the best possible health care. But holding down costs to patients and taxpayers must also be a goal. To complicate matters further, the advantage of each likely option—including price controls, the use of formularies, drug utilization review, patient cost-sharing, and the use of low-cost, generic-name products—is offset by a disadvantage, even a danger. If drug prices are slashed too much, the industry will lose many of its incentives to develop better drugs for the future. Particular attention is focused on the so-called drug lag—the lengthy delays in licensing of new drugs, even after they have been used with apparently good results in other countries. Pills and the Public Purse also addresses the seldom-appreciated fact that investing tax dollars in needed drugs may save taxpayers in the long run by minimizing unnecessary physician visits and hospitalization. Pills and the Public Purse challenges Congress and such agencies as the Food and Drug Administration and the Health Care Financing Administration to enact policies that put the interests of the public before those of government, industry, physicians, and pharmacists. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1981.
Essays On The Economics Of Drug Prescribing And Utilization
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Author : Mariana Patricia Carrera
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Essays On The Economics Of Drug Prescribing And Utilization written by Mariana Patricia Carrera and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Consumers do not purchase prescription drugs in a standard marketplace setting; instead, they rely on physicians to select an appropriate drug on their behalf. This potential agency problem is amplified by the fact that different consumers pay different prices for the same drug, depending on the copayments required by their insurance plan. There is a prevalent public concern that physicians are overly influenced by pharmaceutical company promotion, but little is actually known about how they choose which drugs to prescribe. This dissertation investigates the extent to which agency and information problems affect prescribing, and consequently, patient outcomes. I use individual-level data on prescription drug purchases by employees and retirees in twenty-nine Fortune 500 firms from 2003-2007 to construct a sample of patients receiving first-time prescriptions for chronic drugs. In the first two chapters, I estimate how initial prescriptions respond to three factors of patient utility: the copays set by individual health plans, large-scale copay shocks induced by patent expirations, and the predicted price-sensitivity of an individual patient. In the third chapter, a smaller sample with physician identifiers is used to measure the range of physician prescribing (number of drugs used) within a class, and its impact on patient outcomes. In Chapter 1, I study the responses of physicians and patients to variation in the cost of drugs, and assess the welfare and health consequences of asymmetric and imperfect information in the prescription drug market. I focus on statins (cholesterol-lowering drugs) which are currently the most prescribed category of prescription drugs in the United States. Demand for drugs that treat chronic conditions depends on the initial prescriptions written by a physician, and on the subsequent decisions of patients to continue the prescription or stop. I show that the continuation decision is relatively sensitive to co-payment prices. Initial prescriptions, by comparison, are relatively insensitive to co-payment prices, suggesting that physicians either don't know the prices their patients are paying, or fail to take prices into consideration. I use the event of the highly publicized expiration of the patent for Zocor (simvastatin) to test between these explanations. Insurance plans have much lower co-pays for off-patent drugs: my analysis suggests that physicians are aware of this fact, and substantially increased prescriptions for Zocor and its generic equivalents following the patent expiration. Interestingly, the increases were larger for lower-income and healthier patients, suggesting that physicians correctly perceive the adherence elasticity of their patients and adjust their initial prescriptions accordingly, but only in response to a large and universal price change. In Chapter 2, I study the prescribing responses to ten patent expirations occurring between 2004 and 2007 in four drug classes: antidepressants, statins, calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers. Four of the patent-losing drugs (including Zocor) experienced significant increases in prescribing rates, while three experienced statistically significant decreases. Understanding what drives this variation can inform how pharmaceutical advertising, health plans, and patient costs affect physician decisions. I identify two factors that explain much of the variation in these responses: the size of the copay drop upon expiration (i.e. the difference in copays of the brand and generic versions of the drug), and the current prevalence of generic prescribing in the drug class. Results suggest that physicians are more likely to increase their prescribing of a drug, after it becomes available as a generic, if it previously had a higher copay, on average. However, there is a baseline tendency to reduce prescribing of a patent-losing drug, likely driven by the cessation of its advertising, and this tendency grows stronger with the existing rate of generic prescribing in a class. In Chapter 3, which is coauthored with Geoffrey Joyce and Neeraj Sood, we measure the range of physician prescribing within the ten most prevalent therapeutic classes, the factors affecting the broadness of this range, and its impact on patient outcomes. Physicians prescribe more broadly than commonly perceived. In 8 of 10 classes, the median physician prescribes at least 3 different drugs despite the small number of initial prescriptions observed per doctor (median=7). Physicians treating patients with a greater range of comorbid conditions and varied formulary designs prescribe a broader range of drugs within a class. Though narrow prescribers are more likely to prescribe highly advertised drugs, few physicians prescribe these drugs exclusively. Narrow prescribing has modest effects on medication adherence and out of pocket costs in some drug classes.
Prescription Drug Utilization
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Author : Julie M. Ganther
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1999
Prescription Drug Utilization written by Julie M. Ganther and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Consumers' preferences categories.
Differential Effects Of Co Payment And Co Insurance On The Use And Cost Of Prescription Drugs
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Author : Ya-Seng Hsueh
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Differential Effects Of Co Payment And Co Insurance On The Use And Cost Of Prescription Drugs written by Ya-Seng Hsueh and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with categories.
Care Without Coverage
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Author : Institute of Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2002-06-20
Care Without Coverage written by Institute of Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-06-20 with Medical categories.
Many Americans believe that people who lack health insurance somehow get the care they really need. Care Without Coverage examines the real consequences for adults who lack health insurance. The study presents findings in the areas of prevention and screening, cancer, chronic illness, hospital-based care, and general health status. The committee looked at the consequences of being uninsured for people suffering from cancer, diabetes, HIV infection and AIDS, heart and kidney disease, mental illness, traumatic injuries, and heart attacks. It focused on the roughly 30 million-one in seven-working-age Americans without health insurance. This group does not include the population over 65 that is covered by Medicare or the nearly 10 million children who are uninsured in this country. The main findings of the report are that working-age Americans without health insurance are more likely to receive too little medical care and receive it too late; be sicker and die sooner; and receive poorer care when they are in the hospital, even for acute situations like a motor vehicle crash.
Effects Of Pharmaceutical Cost Containment Policies On Physician Prescribing Behavior
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Author : The Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs (South Korea)
language : en
Publisher: 길잡이미디어
Release Date : 2014-10-30
Effects Of Pharmaceutical Cost Containment Policies On Physician Prescribing Behavior written by The Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs (South Korea) and has been published by 길잡이미디어 this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-10-30 with Medicine categories.
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1. Financial Incentives to Control Pharmaceutical Expenditures 2. Pharmaceutical Expenditures and Use of Therapeutic Agents in Korea 3. Research Purpose CHAPTER 2 Methods 1. Data 2. Analysis Model and Parameter Measurements 3. Statistical Analysis CHAPTER 3 Results 1. General Overview 2. Effects of Pharmaceutical Policy Changes on Drug Prescriptions CHAPTER 4 Discussion 1. Discussion on Methods 2. Discussion on Results 3. Limitations of This Study 4. Policy Implications and Tasks for the Future
Is Drug Coverage A Free Lunch
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Author : Martin Gaynor
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Is Drug Coverage A Free Lunch written by Martin Gaynor and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Drugs categories.
"Recently, many US employers have adopted less generous prescription drug benefits. In addition, the U.S. began to offer prescription drug insurance to approximately 42 million Medicare beneficiaries in 2006. We use data on individual health insurance claims and benefit data from 1997-2003 to study the effects of changing consumers' co-payments for prescription drugs on the quantity demanded and expenditure on prescription drugs, inpatient care and outpatient care. We allow for effects both in the year of the co-payment change and in the year following the change. Our results show that increases in prescription drug prices reduce both the use of and spending on prescription drugs. However, consumers substitute the use of outpatient care and inpatient care for prescription drug use, and the expenditure reductions on prescription drugs are largely offset by the increases in other spending"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.