Progress Towards Reprogramming The Nucleotide Transforming Radical Sam Enzyme Thic
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Progress Towards Reprogramming The Nucleotide Transforming Radical Sam Enzyme Thic
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Author : Callie D. Smith
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Progress Towards Reprogramming The Nucleotide Transforming Radical Sam Enzyme Thic written by Callie D. Smith and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
The radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) enzyme, ThiC, catalyzes the conversion of aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR) to a precursor molecule of thiamine (vitamin B1), 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine phosphate (HMP-P). ThiC has a noncanonical active site architecture in which a CX2CX4C motif binds a [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster in contrast to the more typical CX3CX2C motif. Further, X-ray crystallographic results show that the carboxylate and amino groups of SAM bind to a divalent metal ion rather than the unique iron of the [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster. Electron transfer from the cluster to the bound SAM molecule causes its cleavage to form methionine and a 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical that then abstracts an H-atom from AIR to begin its conversion to HMP-P. These same unique active site features are thought to be shared by another radical SAM enzyme, BzaF, which also operates on AIR. BzaF, however, catalyzes a dramatically different carbon skeleton rearrangement of AIR to form 5-hydroxybenzimidazole (HBI) that is ultimately used as the lower, cobalt-binding ligand of cobalamin (vitamin B12). The protein sequences of the two enzymes have a 44% identity and 66% similarity but only 4 of the 21 amino acid residues within 4 Å of AIR are different. We hypothesize that the three of these different residues which interact directly with the substrate are responsible for their respective enzyme's distinct AIR chemistry. In this work, site-directed mutagenesis was used to exchange one, two, and all three of the differing ThiC residues for the corresponding residues in BzaF. Each ThiC variant was reacted with AIR and assessed for SAM cleavage (5′-dAdoH production) using HPLC. In each variant, 5′-dAdoH production was enhanced by addition of AIR indicating that binding of AIR and reductive cleavage of SAM both still occur. While we do not yet know the fate of AIR, these results support the viability of our approach to use these variants to precisely define mechanistic roles of the active site residues in ThiC and BzaF.
Radical Sam Enzymes
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2018-08-09
Radical Sam Enzymes written by and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-08-09 with Science categories.
Radical SAM Enzymes, Volume 606, the latest release in the Methods in Enzymology series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on the Characterization of the glycyl radical enzyme choline trimethylamine-lyase and its radical S-adenosylmethionine activating enzyme, Diphathimide biosynthesis, Radical SAM glycyl radical activating enzymes, Radical SAM enzyme BioB in the biosynthesis of biotin, Biogenesis of the PQQ cofactor, Role of MoaAC in the biogenesis of the molybdenum cofactor, Biosynthesis of the nitrogenase cofactor, Bioinformatics of the radical SAM superfamily, The involvement of SAM radical enzymes in the biosynthesis of methanogenic coenzymes, methanopterin and coenzyme F420, and more.
Functional Metagenomics Tools And Applications
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Author : Trevor C. Charles
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-10-09
Functional Metagenomics Tools And Applications written by Trevor C. Charles and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-10-09 with Science categories.
In this book, the latest tools available for functional metagenomics research are described.This research enables scientists to directly access the genomes from diverse microbial genomes at one time and study these “metagenomes”. Using the modern tools of genome sequencing and cloning, researchers have now been able to harness this astounding metagenomic diversity to understand and exploit the diverse functions of microorganisms. Leading scientists from around the world demonstrate how these approaches have been applied in many different settings, including aquatic and terrestrial habitats, microbiomes, and many more environments. This is a highly informative and carefully presented book, providing microbiologists with a summary of the latest functional metagenomics literature on all specific habitats.
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
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Author : Terry Wood
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2012-12-02
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway written by Terry Wood and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-02 with Science categories.
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway aims to explore the pentose phosphate cycle and the practical techniques applied in its investigation. The main focus of the book is the pentose phosphate cycle in animals as well as microorganisms, and does not discuss the one related to photosynthesis. The book covers the formulation of the pathway, its types, and its alternative formulations; the preparation, processes, and analysis of the pathway; and the enzymes involved. Also covered in the book are the intermediates in intact cells and tissues; distribution of enzymes among different tissues and species; the operation, regulation, and overall control of the pathway; and the clinical, nutritional, and metabolic aspects of the pathway. The text is recommended for biologists and biochemists who would like to understand further the pentose phosphate pathway and the processes related to it.
Sequence Evolution Function
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Author : Eugene V. Koonin
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-06-29
Sequence Evolution Function written by Eugene V. Koonin and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-29 with Science categories.
Sequence - Evolution - Function is an introduction to the computational approaches that play a critical role in the emerging new branch of biology known as functional genomics. The book provides the reader with an understanding of the principles and approaches of functional genomics and of the potential and limitations of computational and experimental approaches to genome analysis. Sequence - Evolution - Function should help bridge the "digital divide" between biologists and computer scientists, allowing biologists to better grasp the peculiarities of the emerging field of Genome Biology and to learn how to benefit from the enormous amount of sequence data available in the public databases. The book is non-technical with respect to the computer methods for genome analysis and discusses these methods from the user's viewpoint, without addressing mathematical and algorithmic details. Prior practical familiarity with the basic methods for sequence analysis is a major advantage, but a reader without such experience will be able to use the book as an introduction to these methods. This book is perfect for introductory level courses in computational methods for comparative and functional genomics.
Culture Media Solutions And Systems In Human Art
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Author : Patrick Quinn
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2014-03-27
Culture Media Solutions And Systems In Human Art written by Patrick Quinn and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-03-27 with Health & Fitness categories.
Detailed discussion of the history, current status and significance of ART media and the culture systems for their use.
S Adenosylmethionine Dependent Methyltransferases Structures And Functions
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Author : Robert M Blumenthal
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 1999-07-23
S Adenosylmethionine Dependent Methyltransferases Structures And Functions written by Robert M Blumenthal and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-07-23 with Science categories.
This invaluable volume, written by an international group of scientists, presents an overview of the AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases, with special emphasis on structure-function relationships.S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) is the second most commonly used enzyme cofactor after ATP. The AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases act on a wide variety of target molecules, including DNA, RNA, protein, polysaccharides, lipids and a range of small molecules.The well-conserved architecture of these enzymes, and the implications of this conservation for their evolutionary history, are major themes of this book. The thirteen chapters describe in detail the structures, enzyme kinetics and biological roles of the AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases from a wide range of cell types: plant, animal, bacterial and archaeal.
Molecular Diagnostics Promises And Possibilities
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Author : Mousumi Debnath
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2010-01-29
Molecular Diagnostics Promises And Possibilities written by Mousumi Debnath and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-01-29 with Medical categories.
A rapid development in diverse areas of molecular biology and genetic engineering resulted in emergence of variety of tools. These tools are not only applicable to basic researches being carried out world over, but also exploited for precise detection of abnormal conditions in plants, animals and human body. Although a basic researcher is well versed with few techniques used by him/her in the laboratory, they may not be well acquainted with methodologies, which can be used to work out some of their own research problems. The picture is more blurred when the molecular diagnostic tools are to be used by physicians, scientists and technicians working in diagnostic laboratories in hospitals, industry and academic institutions. Since many of them are not trained in basics of these methods, they come across several gray areas in understanding of these tools. The accurate application of molecular diagnostic tools demands in depth understanding of the methodology for precise detection of the abnormal condition of living body. To meet the requirements of a good book on molecular diagnostics of students, physicians, scientists working in agricultural, veterinary, medical and pharmaceutical sciences, it needs to expose the reader lucidly to: Give basic science behind commonly used tools in diagnostics Expose the readers to detailed applications of these tools and Make them aware the availability of such diagnostic tools The book will attract additional audience of pathologists, medical microbiologists, pharmaceutical sciences, agricultural scientists and veterinary doctors if the following topics are incorporated at appropriate places in Unit II or separately as a part of Unit-III in the book. Molecular diagnosis of diseases in agricultural crops Molecular diagnosis of veterinary diseases. Molecular epidemiology, which helps to differentiate various epidemic strains and sources of disease outbreaks. Even in different units of the same hospital, the infections could be by different strains of the same species and the information becomes valuable for infection control strategies. Drug resistance is a growing problem for bacterial, fungal and parasitic microbes and the molecular biology tools can help to detect the drug resistance genes without the cultivation and in vitro sensitivity testing. Molecular diagnostics offers faster help in the selection of the proper antibiotic for the treatment of tuberculosis, which is a major problem of the in the developing world. The conventional culture and drug sensitivity testing of tuberculosis bacilli is laborious and time consuming, whereas molecular diagnosis offers rapid drug resistant gene detection even from direct clinical samples. The same approach for HIV, malaria and many more diseases needs to be considered. Molecular diagnostics in the detection of diseases during foetal life is an upcoming area in the foetal medicine in case of genetic abnormalities and infectious like TORCH complex etc. The book will be equally useful to students, scientists and professionals working in the field of molecular diagnostics.
Medicinal Natural Products
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Author : Paul M. Dewick
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2002-01-03
Medicinal Natural Products written by Paul M. Dewick and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-01-03 with Medical categories.
This guide covers classes of natural products in medicine, whether derived from plants, micro-organisms or animals. Structured according to biosynthetic pathway, it is written from a chemistry-based approach.
Plant Mutation Breeding And Biotechnology
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Author : Q. Y. Shu
language : en
Publisher: CABI
Release Date : 2012
Plant Mutation Breeding And Biotechnology written by Q. Y. Shu and has been published by CABI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Nature categories.
Abstract: This book presents contemporary information on mutagenesis in plants and its applications in plant breeding and research. The topics are classified into sections focusing on the concepts, historical development and genetic basis of plant mutation breeding (chapters 1-6); mutagens and induced mutagenesis (chapters 7-13); mutation induction and mutant development (chapters 14-23); mutation breeding (chapters 24-34); or mutations in functional genomics (chapters 35-41). This book is an essential reference for those who are conducting research on mutagenesis as an approach to improving or modifying a trait, or achieving basic understanding of a pathway for a trait --.