Radioisotopic Power Generation
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Radioisotopic Power Generation
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Author : William R. Corliss
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1964
Radioisotopic Power Generation written by William R. Corliss and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1964 with Isotopic power generators categories.
Power From Radioisotopes
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Author : Robert L. Mead
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1964
Power From Radioisotopes written by Robert L. Mead and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1964 with Radioisotopes categories.
Radioisotope Power Systems
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2009-07-14
Radioisotope Power Systems written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-07-14 with Science categories.
Spacecraft require electrical energy. This energy must be available in the outer reaches of the solar system where sunlight is very faint. It must be available through lunar nights that last for 14 days, through long periods of dark and cold at the higher latitudes on Mars, and in high-radiation fields such as those around Jupiter. Radioisotope power systems (RPSs) are the only available power source that can operate unconstrained in these environments for the long periods of time needed to accomplish many missions, and plutonium-238 (238Pu) is the only practical isotope for fueling them. Plutonium-238 does not occur in nature. The committee does not believe that there is any additional 238Pu (or any operational 238Pu production facilities) available anywhere in the world.The total amount of 238Pu available for NASA is fixed, and essentially all of it is already dedicated to support several pending missions-the Mars Science Laboratory, Discovery 12, the Outer Planets Flagship 1 (OPF 1), and (perhaps) a small number of additional missions with a very small demand for 238Pu. If the status quo persists, the United States will not be able to provide RPSs for any subsequent missions.
Radioisotope Power Generation
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Author : William R. Corliss
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1964
Radioisotope Power Generation written by William R. Corliss and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1964 with Isotopic power generators categories.
Space Nuclear Radioisotope Systems
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Author : David Buden
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Space Nuclear Radioisotope Systems written by David Buden and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Science categories.
For operating in severe environments, long life and reliability, radioisotope power systems have proven to be the most successful of all space power sources. Two Voyager missions launched in 1977 to study Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and their satellites, rings and magnetic fields and continuing to the heliosphere region are still functioning over thirty years later. Radioisotope power systems have been used on the Moon, exploring the planets, and exiting our solar system. There success is a tribute to the outstanding engineering, quality control and attention to details that went into the design and production of radioisotope power generation units. Space nuclear radioisotope systems take the form of using the thermal energy from the decay of radioisotopes and converting this energy to electric power. Reliability and safety are of prime importance. Mission success depends on the ability of being able to safely launch the systems and on having sufficient electrical power over the life of the mission. Graceful power degradation over the life of a mission is acceptable as long as it is within predictable limits. Electrical power conversion systems with inherent redundancy, such as thermoelectric conversion systems, have been favored to date. Also, radioactive decay heat has been used to maintain temperatures in spacecraft at acceptable conditions for other components. This book describes how radioisotope systems work, the requirements and safety design considerations, the various systems that have been developed, and their operational history.
Essential Guide To Space Nuclear Power And Propulsion
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Author : National Ae Space Administration (Nasa)
language : en
Publisher: Independently Published
Release Date : 2019-04-28
Essential Guide To Space Nuclear Power And Propulsion written by National Ae Space Administration (Nasa) and has been published by Independently Published this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-04-28 with categories.
This unique book reproduces important government documents, reports, and studies dealing with spaceflight nuclear power and propulsion technologies, including Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs), Plutonium-238 production, NASA Kilopower Fission Reactor (KRUSTY) and nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP) rockets for human Moon and Mars exploration.Contents include: Overview of Space Radioisotope Power Systems and RTGs * Advanced Radioisotope Power System Concepts and Designs * Energy Department and Plutonium Production * Space Exploration - DOE Could Improve Planning and Communication Related to Plutonium-238 and Radioisotope Power Systems Production Challenges * Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) * NASA's Kilopower Fission Reactor Program and KRUSTYRadioisotope Thermoelectric Generators, or RTGs, provide electrical power for spacecraft by converting the heat generated by the decay of plutonium-238 (Pu-238) fuel into electricity using devices called thermocouples. Since they have no moving parts that can fail or wear out, RTGs have historically been viewed as a highly reliable power option. Thermocouples have been used in RTGs for a total combined time of over 300 years, and a not a single thermocouple has ever ceased producing power. Thermocouples are common in everyday items that must monitor or regulate their temperature, such as air conditioners, refrigerators and medical thermometers. The principle of a thermocouple involves two plates, each made of a different metal that conducts electricity. Joining these two plates to form a closed electrical circuit while keeping the two junctions at different temperatures produces an electric current. Each of these pairs of junctions forms an individual thermocouple. In an RTG, the radioisotope fuel heats one of these junctions while the other junction remains unheated and is cooled by the space environment or a planetary atmosphere.Benefits of NTP propulsion include: For human Mars missions, first generation NTP can reduce crew time away from earth from greater than 900 days to less than 500 days while still allowing ample time for surface exploration; reduce crew exposure to space radiation, microgravity, other hazards; can enable abort modes not available with other architectures including the potential to return to earth anytime within 3 months of earth departure burn, also to return immediately upon arrival at Mars; and stage/habitat optimized for use with NTP could further reduce crew exposure to cosmic rays and provide shielding against any conceivable solar flare.
Proposed Consolidation Of Nuclear Operations Related To Production Of Radioisotope Power Systems
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
Proposed Consolidation Of Nuclear Operations Related To Production Of Radioisotope Power Systems written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with categories.
Development Of Advanced Radioisotope Power Systems
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Development Of Advanced Radioisotope Power Systems written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
Radioisotope Power System Delivery Ground Support And Nuclear Safety Implementation
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Radioisotope Power System Delivery Ground Support And Nuclear Safety Implementation written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Radioisotope power systems have been used for over 50 years to enable missions in remote or hostile environments. They are a convenient means of supplying a few milliwatts up to a few hundred watts of useable, long-term electrical power. With regard to use of a radioisotope power system, the transportation, ground support and implementation of nuclear safety protocols in the field is a complex process that requires clear identification of needed technical and regulatory requirements. The appropriate care must be taken to provide high quality treatment of the item to be moved so it arrives in a condition to fulfill its missions in space. Similarly it must be transported and managed in a manner compliant with requirements for shipment and handling of special nuclear material. This presentation describes transportation, ground support operations and implementation of nuclear safety and security protocols for a radioisotope power system using recent experience involving the Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator for National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Mars Science Laboratory, which launched in November of 2011.
Radioisotope Fueled Pulsed Power Generation System For Propulsion And Electrical Power For Deep Space Missions
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Author : Troy Howe
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Radioisotope Fueled Pulsed Power Generation System For Propulsion And Electrical Power For Deep Space Missions written by Troy Howe and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Pulsed power systems categories.
Space exploration missions to the moon, Mars, and other celestial bodies have allowed for great scientific leaps to enhance our knowledge of the universe; yet the astronomical cost of these missions limits their utility to only a few select agencies. Reducing the cost of exploratory space travel will give rise to a new era of exploration, where private investors, universities, and world governments can send satellites to far off planets and gather important data. By using radioisotope power sources and thermal storage devices a duty cycle can be introduced to extract large amounts of energy in short amounts of time, allowing for efficient space travel. This duty cycle would be comprised of a period of power generation and a period of recharging. The same device can also provide electrical power for subsystems such as communications, drills, lasers, or other components that can provide valuable scientific information. This project examines the use of multiple radioisotope sources combined with a thermal capacitor using Phase Change Materials (PCMs), which can collect energy over a period of time. The radioisotope fuel provides heat that is stored in the PCM core, and that stored heat serves as the heat source for a Brayton power cycle when operating. The result of this design culminates in a variety of possible spacecraft with their own varying costs, transit times, and objectives. Among the most promising are missions to Mars, which cost less than $18M, missions that can provide power to satellite constellations for decades, or missions that can deliver large, sized payloads similar to the "Opportunity" rover (185kg) to Mars for less than $55M. All of these options can be made available to a much wider range of customer with commercially available satellite launches from earth. The true cost of such progress lies in the sometimes substantial increase in transit times for these missions. The results of this project showed that pulsed power systems enable a more customizable spacecraft that can effectively exchange cost for time, and make space exploration missions available to those who before could not afford to send equipment beyond the confines of Earth.