Re Examining The Weapons Effect

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Re Examining The Weapons Effect

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Author : William Edward Deuser
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994

Re Examining The Weapons Effect written by William Edward Deuser and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Aggressiveness categories.

The Weapons Effect Re Examined

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Author : Lynn Stanley Simons
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1973

The Weapons Effect Re Examined written by Lynn Stanley Simons and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1973 with Aggressiveness categories.

Lethal Autonomous Weapons

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Author : Jai Galliott
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2021-01-19

Lethal Autonomous Weapons written by Jai Galliott and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-01-19 with Law categories.

"Because of the increasing use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs, also commonly known as drones) in various military and para-military (i.e., CIA) settings, there has been increasing debate in the international community as to whether it is morally and ethically permissible to allow robots (flying or otherwise) the ability to decide when and where to take human life. In addition, there has been intense debate as to the legal aspects, particularly from a humanitarian law framework. In response to this growing international debate, the United States government released the Department of Defense (DoD) 3000.09 Directive (2011), which sets a policy for if and when autonomous weapons would be used in US military and para-military engagements. This US policy asserts that only "human-supervised autonomous weapon systems may be used to select and engage targets, with the exception of selecting humans as targets, for local defense ...". This statement implies that outside of defensive applications, autonomous weapons will not be allowed to independently select and then fire upon targets without explicit approval from a human supervising the autonomous weapon system. Such a control architecture is known as human supervisory control, where a human remotely supervises an automated system (Sheridan 1992). The defense caveat in this policy is needed because the United States currently uses highly automated systems for defensive purposes, e.g., Counter Rocket, Artillery, and Mortar (C-RAM) systems and Patriot anti-missile missiles. Due to the time-critical nature of such environments (e.g., soldiers sleeping in barracks within easy reach of insurgent shoulder-launched missiles), these automated defensive systems cannot rely upon a human supervisor for permission because of the short engagement times and the inherent human neuromuscular lag which means that even if a person is paying attention, there is approximately a half-second delay in hitting a firing button, which can mean the difference for life and death for the soldiers in the barracks. So as of now, no US UAV (or any robot) will be able to launch any kind of weapon in an offensive environment without human direction and approval. However, the 3000.09 Directive does contain a clause that allows for this possibility in the future. This caveat states that the development of a weapon system that independently decides to launch a weapon is possible but first must be approved by the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (USD(P)); the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics (USD(AT&L)); and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Not all stakeholders are happy with this policy that leaves the door open for what used to be considered science fiction. Many opponents of such uses of technologies call for either an outright ban on autonomous weaponized systems, or in some cases, autonomous systems in general (Human Rights Watch 2013, Future of Life Institute 2015, Chairperson of the Informal Meeting of Experts 2016). Such groups take the position that weapons systems should always be under "meaningful human control," but do not give a precise definition of what this means. One issue in this debate that often is overlooked is that autonomy is not a discrete state, rather it is a continuum, and various weapons with different levels of autonomy have been in the US inventory for some time. Because of these ambiguities, it is often hard to draw the line between automated and autonomous systems. Present-day UAVs use the very same guidance, navigation and control technology flown on commercial aircraft. Tomahawk missiles, which have been in the US inventory for more than 30 years, are highly automated weapons with accuracies of less than a meter. These offensive missiles can navigate by themselves with no GPS, thus exhibiting some autonomy by today's definitions. Global Hawk UAVs can find their way home and land on their own without any human intervention in the case of a communication failure. The growth of the civilian UAV market is also a critical consideration in the debate as to whether these technologies should be banned outright. There is a $144.38B industry emerging for the commercial use of drones in agricultural settings, cargo delivery, first response, commercial photography, and the entertainment industry (Adroit Market Research 2019) More than $100 billion has been spent on driverless car development (Eisenstein 2018) in the past 10 years and the autonomy used in driverless cars mirrors that inside autonomous weapons. So, it is an important distinction that UAVs are simply the platform for weapon delivery (autonomous or conventional), and that autonomous systems have many peaceful and commercial uses independent of military applications"--

Firearms And Violence

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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2005-01-13

Firearms And Violence written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-01-13 with Law categories.

For years proposals for gun control and the ownership of firearms have been among the most contentious issues in American politics. For public authorities to make reasonable decisions on these matters, they must take into account facts about the relationship between guns and violence as well as conflicting constitutional claims and divided public opinion. In performing these tasks, legislators need adequate data and research to judge both the effects of firearms on violence and the effects of different violence control policies. Readers of the research literature on firearms may sometimes find themselves unable to distinguish scholarship from advocacy. Given the importance of this issue, there is a pressing need for a clear and unbiased assessment of the existing portfolio of data and research. Firearms and Violence uses conventional standards of science to examine three major themes - firearms and violence, the quality of research, and the quality of data available. The book assesses the strengths and limitations of current databases, examining current research studies on firearm use and the efforts to reduce unjustified firearm use and suggests ways in which they can be improved.

Research And Development Title Ii

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Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1982

Research And Development Title Ii written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1982 with Government publications categories.

Department Of Defense Authorization For Appropriations For Fiscal Year 2012 And The Future Years Defense Program

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Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011

Department Of Defense Authorization For Appropriations For Fiscal Year 2012 And The Future Years Defense Program written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Military research categories.

The Us Dprk Peace Treaty A Commentary

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Author : Eric Yong Joong Lee
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-09-21

The Us Dprk Peace Treaty A Commentary written by Eric Yong Joong Lee and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-09-21 with Law categories.

This book delivers an in-depth analysis of the US-DPRK Peace Treaty which will be concluded as a final result of the Korean Peninsula peace process that is currently ongoing. Since North Korea launched its nuclear weapons development program in the early 1990s, the Korean peninsula has become a critical point of global politics along with the Sino-American (G2) hegemonic competition. The US-DPRK Peace Treaty is the key to the denuclearization and de jure peace on the peninsula as well as Northeast Asia. Different from the comprehensive peace treaty between the four parties (US, China, and the two Koreas) already proposed for the past few years, the book suggests a ‘bilateral’ approach to the agreement between the US and the DPRK, which will trigger the peace as a system considering the US’s practices in this regard after 1783. Such a challenging and provocative method provides deeper understanding of the legal and political circumstances for the expected US-DPRK Peace Treaty. The book will navigate scholars, practitioners, and students towards terminating the 1953 Armistice, establishing nuclear peace as well as a rapprochement between the two countries. In practice, it will be a useful guideline for the conflicting parties in the various parts of the globe to adopt peace treaties in the twenty-first century.

Autonomous Weapon Systems And The Law Of Armed Conflict

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Author : Tim McFarland
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2020-07-09

Autonomous Weapon Systems And The Law Of Armed Conflict written by Tim McFarland and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-09 with Law categories.

A close examination of the interface between autonomous technologies and the law with legal analysis grounded in technological realities.

Fiscal Year 1977 Authorization For Military Procurement Research And Development And Active Duty Selected Reserve And Civilian Personnel Strengths

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Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1976

Fiscal Year 1977 Authorization For Military Procurement Research And Development And Active Duty Selected Reserve And Civilian Personnel Strengths written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1976 with categories.

The Works Of Jeremy Bentham

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Author : Jeremy Bentham
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1842

The Works Of Jeremy Bentham written by Jeremy Bentham and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1842 with categories.