Reasons For Language
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Natural Causes Of Language
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Author : N. J. Enfield
language : en
Publisher: Language Science Press
Release Date : 2014
Natural Causes Of Language written by N. J. Enfield and has been published by Language Science Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
What causes a language to be the way it is? Some features are universal, some are inherited, others are borrowed, and yet others are internally innovated. But no matter where a bit of language is from, it will only exist if it has been diffused and kept in circulation through social interaction in the history of a community. This book makes the case that a proper understanding of the ontology of language systems has to be grounded in the causal mechanisms by which linguistic items are socially transmitted, in communicative contexts. A \textit{biased transmission} model provides a basis for understanding why certain things and not others are likely to develop, spread, and stick in languages. Because bits of language are always parts of systems, we also need to show how it is that items of knowledge and behavior become structured wholes. The book argues that to achieve this, we need to see how causal processes apply in multiple frames or ``time scales'' simultaneously, and we need to understand and address each and all of these frames in our work on language. This forces us to confront implications that are not always comfortable: for example, that ``a language'' is not a real thing but a convenient fiction, that language-internal and language-external processes have a lot in common, and that tree diagrams are poor conceptual tools for understanding the history of languages. By exploring avenues for clear solutions to these problems, this book suggests a conceptual framework for ultimately explaining, in causal terms, what languages are like and why they are like that.}
Natural Causes Of Language
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Author : N. J. Enfield
language : en
Publisher: Language Science Press
Release Date : 2015-07-15
Natural Causes Of Language written by N. J. Enfield and has been published by Language Science Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-07-15 with categories.
What causes a language to be the way it is? Some features are universal, some are inherited, others are borrowed, and yet others are internally innovated. But no matter where a bit of language is from, it will only exist if it has been diffused and kept in circulation through social interaction in the history of a community. This book makes the case that a proper understanding of the ontology of language systems has to be grounded in the causal mechanisms by which linguistic items are socially transmitted, in communicative contexts. A biased transmission model provides a basis for understanding why certain things and not others are likely to develop, spread, and stick in languages. Because bits of language are always parts of systems, we also need to show how it is that items of knowledge and behavior become structured wholes. The book argues that to achieve this, we need to see how causal processes apply in multiple frames or 'time scales' simultaneously, and we need to understand and address each and all of these frames in our work on language. This forces us to confront implications that are not always comfortable: for example, that "a language" is not a real thing but a convenient fiction, that language-internal and language-external processes have a lot in common, and that tree diagrams are poor conceptual tools for understanding the history of languages. By exploring avenues for clear solutions to these problems, this book suggests a conceptual framework for ultimately explaining, in causal terms, what languages are like and why they are like that.
The Adaptive Value Of Languages Non Linguistic Causes Of Language Diversity
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Author : Antonio Benítez-Burraco
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2018-11-08
The Adaptive Value Of Languages Non Linguistic Causes Of Language Diversity written by Antonio Benítez-Burraco and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-11-08 with categories.
The goal of this eBook is to shed light on the non-linguistic causes of language diversity, and in particular, to explore the possibility that some aspects of the structure of languages may result from an adaptation to the natural and/or human-made environment. Traditionally, language diversity has been claimed to result from random, internally-motivated changes in language structure. However, ongoing research suggests instead that different factors that are external to language can promote language change and ultimately account for aspects of language diversity, specifically features of the social and physical environments. The contributions in this eBook discuss whether some aspects of languages are an adaptation to ecological, social, or even technological niches.
Reasons For Language
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Author : Michaela Socher
language : en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date : 2020-09-01
Reasons For Language written by Michaela Socher and has been published by Linköping University Electronic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-09-01 with Electronic books categories.
The usage-based model of language acquisition assumes that language is learned by its usage. General cognitive processes, especially analogical reasoning ability, are assumed to lead to the understanding of words and grammatical structures. It has been argued that the time of language or auditory deprivation children with cochlear implants (CIs) often experience early in life, might affect both their language and their cognitive abilities. Children with CIs have disadvantages in terms of language acquisition as they start receiving language input later than peers with typical hearing (TH), and the perceptual quality of the input is reduced. However, they might have additional difficulties in language acquisition if their analogical reasoning ability is negatively influenced by the language or auditory deprivation early in life. The results found in this thesis show that the language delays often seen in children with CIs are not explained by differences in analogical reasoning ability. Results indicate that analogical reasoning ability has a limited influence on language acquisition for the tested age-group. However, language abilities affect the performance on analogical reasoning tasks which are either verbal or can be supported by verbal strategies. This needs to be taken into consideration when comparing analogical reasoning ability of children with CI sand children with TH. In addition, the results from this thesis indicate that the structure of the mental lexicon is associated with the communication skills of children with CIs. The structure of the mental lexicon is most likely influenced by the amount of language input a child receives. The main implication of the results is that emphasis should be put on reducing the duration of language deprivation and to improve the quality of the language input for children with CIs.
English As A World Language
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Author : Isabelle Fol
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2005-09-16
English As A World Language written by Isabelle Fol and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-09-16 with Literary Collections categories.
Seminar paper from the year 2001 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: good, University of Basel (Seminar for English Literatur and Linguistics), course: Seminar, language: English, abstract: English as a world language- a challenging topic that is fully treated in literature, because it is a topic of general interest. But during my researches, I realized that it was difficult to find literature about linguistic reasons for the establishment of English as a world language. Since this aspect is often interwoven within other reasons, for example geo-political reasons, linguistic reasons are seldom explicitly stated. Frequently, mixtures of reasons that have finally helped English to reach its high eminence as a world language are presented. In the end, I found some important aspects by picking them out of different texts and books and confined myself to present three important linguistic reasons for the establishment of English as a world language. Therefore, this paper does not claim to be complete, otherwise it would extend the prescribed lenght of the paper.
Language Acquisition In Diverse Linguistic Social And Cognitive Circumstances
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Author : Maria Garraffa
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2019-01-24
Language Acquisition In Diverse Linguistic Social And Cognitive Circumstances written by Maria Garraffa and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-01-24 with categories.
The language experience of children developing in linguistically diverse environments is subject to considerable variation both in terms of quantity and quality of language exposure. It is an open question how to investigate language exposure patterns and more important which factors are relevant for successful language learning. For example, children acquiring a minority language, including a signed language, are exposed to less variety of input than children acquiring a more global language. This is because they are living in a smaller linguistic community and with fewer occasions to use the language in everyday life. Despite this reduced input, most native signers are successful language learners. In contrast native language competence is not always achieved in signing deaf children with hearing parents or those with cochlear implants learning a spoken language. A similar outcome but with very different reasons has also been reported for hearing children with language impairment. In these populations acquisition of morphosyntactic aspects is developing atypically ending with an uncomplete linguistic repertoire. The circumstances of exposure during language development tend to differ in significant ways with respect to a large number of factors, such as, (i) length, quality and quantity of input, (ii) social status and attitudes toward the language, (iii) cognitive abilities required for language learning, and (iv) age of first exposure. Having early exposure to a range of different speakers is important in the acquisition of any language and may affect language proficiency. However, negative societal attitudes or a cognitive based disadvantage may create an unfavourable learning environment that prevents language learning from surfacing typically. This situation inevitably generates a different type of exposure for the child and consequently different language competence. In this Research Topic we intend to encourage the debate on social, linguistic and cognitive factors at play for designing an effective environment for language acquisition aiming at integrating linguistic variables coming from theoretical studies on language with environmental variables, such as, measures of language input or cognitive abilities on functions ancillary to language development.
Language Death
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Author : Viktor Höhn
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2007-05-13
Language Death written by Viktor Höhn and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-05-13 with Literary Collections categories.
Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,0, University of Trier, course: Applied Linguistics, language: English, abstract: A language dies when nobody speaks it any more. However, there are different ways languages die. In this regard, three types of language death can be identified: population loss, forced shift, and voluntary shift. One must, however, recognize that the divisions between them are not always clear. Many language deaths involve some combination of all three. Besides, there is a considerable grey area between forced and voluntary shift. The distinction between what is forced and what is voluntary is problematic, but the terms are useful as idealized ends of a continuum. 1. Language death 3 1.1 Types of language death 3 1.2 Causes of language shift 5 1.2.1 Economic influence 5 1.2.2 Cultural influence 6 1.2.3 Political influence 8 2. Linguistic equilibrium and punctuation – Endangered languages under increasing threat 9 2.1 The Palaeolithic equilibrium 9 2.2 The Neolithic punctuation and aftershock 10 2.3 The industrial punctuation 11 2.4 The extent of endangerment 13 3. Reasons for action 14 3.1 Linguistic diversity and sustainable economic development 14 3.2 Language and identity 15 3.3 Language and history 16 3.4 Language and human knowledge 17 3.5 Languages and linguistic knowledge 18 II. PRINCIPLES 20 1. The Diagnosis 20 1.1 Levels of endangerment 20 1.2 The stages of language death 20 2. Remedies 22 2.1 Reversing Language Shift (RLS) theory 22 2.2 Increase of prestige 25 2.3 Increase of wealth 26 2.4 The education system 26 2.5 Literacy 27 2.6 Increase of legitimate power 27 III. RECOMMENDATIONS 29 IV. REFERENCES 33
The Role Of English As A World Language
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Author : Kristina Eichhorst
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2012-02
The Role Of English As A World Language written by Kristina Eichhorst and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-02 with Biography & Autobiography categories.
Seminar paper from the year 2010 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,0, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, language: English, abstract: For me, learning English has always been quite easy. Though I grew up as a monolingual person and my first contact with English was not until the fifth grade, I have been surrounded by this language constantly. When I first started to translate my favorite pop songs into German I became more and more familiar with English. As the following paragraphs show this is exactly one of the reasons that people are so familiar with it nowadays, and that made me think about this language a little bit more intensive: English is everywhere, even in an official monolingual country like Germany. Though it helps us to get a better understanding for many terms in the world, there is also a negative side. I think that a conversation held in German should not contain more English words than necessary or even "poison" it. Though the influence of the English language on German is undeniable it should never dominate the other language. This term paper deals with the status of English as a global language. It shows how far English is spread nowadays and also tries to find answers to the question why English of all the many languages in the world is so influential? Therefore, historical, grammatical and other reasons are investigated. Afterwards, the paper presents the two sides of the English status, namely advantages that come with it but also the negative effects that occur. Finally, there is a look at the future of the English language in order to find out if the influence will increase even more or be replaced by a different language. Many linguists have studied this field and see English especially in relation to language death. This paper shows that the topic is very complex and that it cannot be committed to either positive or negative.
Tackling Language Problems Via Language Planning And Language Policy Viability And Challenges Using The Example Of Catalonia
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Author : Daniel Jung
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2019-12-02
Tackling Language Problems Via Language Planning And Language Policy Viability And Challenges Using The Example Of Catalonia written by Daniel Jung and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-12-02 with Literary Collections categories.
Seminar paper from the year 2019 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Other, grade: 1,3, University of Cologne (Englisches Seminar I), language: English, abstract: Language Planning and Language Policy (LPLP) is an established process to manage and regulate the relationships and functions of languages within one national territory and saving endangered languages that becomes more and more important in a globalized community. Due to economic developments, the migration that goes along with, cultural exchange and other recent developments, indigenous languages are more endangered than ever before. According to the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues of the United Nations Economic and Social Council [...] estimates suggest that more than half of the world’s languages will become extinct by 2100 [...]. At present, 96 per cent of the world’s approximately 6,700 languages are spoken by only 3 per cent of the world’s population (Source: United Nations 2016) Saving indigenous languages and managing and regulating their function within society is of utmost importance, since indigenous languages [...] are not only methods of communication but also extensive and complex systems of knowledge that have developed over millenniums. They are central to the identity of indigenous peoples, the preservation of their cultures, worldviews and visions and an expression of self-determination. Indigenous languages are critical markers of the cultural health of indigenous peoples. When indigenous languages are under threat, so too are indigenous peoples themselves (United Nations 2016) LPLP is one of the possible solutions to this problem. However, although LPLP is an established process it does pose certain problems in its implementation and may lead to cultural segregation. There are examples of successful implementations of LPLP, such as Canada’s handling of the language problems concerning the use of French in Quebec. There, facilitating the framework for the coexistence of both French and English in Canada has helped to mitigate the language problems. In a first step the concepts of Language Policy and Language Planning will be defined in order to understand its implications and the reasons and goals whichthey aim to achieve. Then a look at the different branches of LPLP will be taken before the different methods of implementation will be presented and the connected challenges and criticism before we can reach a conclusion on the viability of LPLP as a tool for tackling language problems and what has to be considered in a possible implementation scenario by the example of Catalonia.
Language And People
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Author : Jean Faraday Wallwork
language : en
Publisher: Heinemann Educational Publishers
Release Date : 1978
Language And People written by Jean Faraday Wallwork and has been published by Heinemann Educational Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1978 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.