Regulating Audiovisual Services
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Regulating Audiovisual Services
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Author : Thomas Gibbons
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2023-07-14
Regulating Audiovisual Services written by Thomas Gibbons and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-07-14 with Law categories.
In recent years, the changing nature of audiovisual services has had a significant impact on regulatory policy and practice. The adoption of digital technology means that broadcasting, cable, satellite, the Internet and mobile telephony are converging, enabling each of them to deliver the same kinds of content and allowing users to exercise much greater choice over the kind of material that they receive and when they receive it. The essays examine the implications for regulatory design, asking whether there is still a role for traditional-style state controls, or whether other techniques, such as competition in the market and self-regulation, are more appropriate. They also explore how, in the digital era, structural issues of media ownership and control become problems of access and interconnection between services and how content regulation focuses more on problems raised by the interactions between providers and users, the relationship between freedom of information and technologies to control it and the international reach of the new media.
Eu Audiovisual Media Services Directive
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Author : Mark D. Cole
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Eu Audiovisual Media Services Directive written by Mark D. Cole and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
Ownership Of Rights In Audiovisual Productions
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Author : Marjut Salokannel
language : en
Publisher: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
Release Date : 1997-05-28
Ownership Of Rights In Audiovisual Productions written by Marjut Salokannel and has been published by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997-05-28 with Law categories.
In a single generation audiovisual production technology has made two enormous leaps: interactivity and digital exploitation. Any law that deals with satellite transmission must take into account the ownership rights in audiovisual productions, and maintain a clear perspective on how existing laws in the field have been adapted - and will continue to be adapted - to protect authors. Who owns the digital exploitation rights in the audiovisual work? Who is entitled to collect remunerations collected from private copying? How do moral rights affect the licensing of rights in audiovisual works? These are some of the most contentious questions dealt with in this book. The book provides a comprehensive comparative framework for analysis of the regulation of ownership of rights in audiovisual productions in Europe. It is the first presentation that examines these issues in the light of revised Nordic copyright laws and the respective national regulations of Germany, France, Belgium, the United Kingdom and the United States. In addition, the book explains in detail how international and European Community regulations affect rights owners in audiovisual productions. The audiovisual sector is also an area where the differences between the civil law systems of author's rights and common law based copyright systems are particularly pronounced. This book clarifies some of the common misunderstandings encountered in this respect.
European Audiovisual Policy In Transition
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Author : Heritiana Ranaivoson
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2023-05-31
European Audiovisual Policy In Transition written by Heritiana Ranaivoson and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-05-31 with Business & Economics categories.
This book describes and critically addresses the innovations and shifts made in the revision of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD) adopted by the European Parliament and Council in 2018. Reflecting on European Union regulation and policy practice in all its Member States, the book’s unique approach places in-depth case study topics against the broader theoretical background. Taking a Europe-wide angle, an international team of authors focuses on key aspects of the AVMSD: the expansion of its scope to include video-sharing-platforms such as YouTube; the update of the rules for commercial communications; the first attempt for harmonized, minimal requirements at EU level regarding transparency of media ownership; new rules to ensure that video-on-demand services offer, invest in, and prioritise European content; the obligation on television distributors and smart TV manufacturers to pass on broadcasters’ signal without any interference, alteration or modification; and, the formalisation and consolidation of new forms of collaboration among national regulatory authorities. This thorough analysis of the cornerstone of European media policy makes this edited collection a crucial reference for scholars and students of media and cultural industries, media law and policy, European and EU media policy, and technology studies.
The Audiovisual Services Sector In The Gats Negotiations
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Author : Patrick A. Messerlin
language : en
Publisher: American Enterprise Institute
Release Date : 2004
The Audiovisual Services Sector In The Gats Negotiations written by Patrick A. Messerlin and has been published by American Enterprise Institute this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Business & Economics categories.
This study addresses issues posed by recent trends and developments of trade in audiovisual services.
Tomorrow S Delivery Of Audiovisual Services
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Author : Kathrin Berger
language : en
Publisher: European Audiovisual Obsevatory
Release Date : 2005
Tomorrow S Delivery Of Audiovisual Services written by Kathrin Berger and has been published by European Audiovisual Obsevatory this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Audio-visual industry categories.
This IRIS Special issue follows a dual goal: first, to survey the current state of digital television, and second, to focus on the latest forms in which media content is being offered.
Audiovisual Regulation Under Pressure
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Author : Thomas Gibbons
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Audiovisual Regulation Under Pressure written by Thomas Gibbons and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Audio-visual materials categories.
The book is an interdisciplinary investigation of trends in audiovisual regulation. The book considers recent trends towards deregulation and for policy in this field to pursue trade and industry policy goals rather than traditional cultural and democratic objectives, notably media pluralism and diversity. This book explores regulatory policy in the following jurisdictions: the United States, Canada, France, Germany, the UK, the 'Benelux' countries, and the European Union and compares the very different responses to the issues of liberalisation, deregulation and the attainment of cultural objectives. In looking at regulation in different jurisdictions the book will lead to a better understanding of the path dependencies in cultural policy measures as applied to audiovisual media, but also a greater knowledge of the pressures of regulatory competition and the profound technological changes that call for new regulatory design.
Collection
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Author : European Audiovisual Observatory
language : en
Publisher: Council of Europe
Release Date : 2003-01-01
Collection written by European Audiovisual Observatory and has been published by Council of Europe this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-01-01 with Political Science categories.
In the media law field, we are all confronted more and more frequently with the term horizontal regulation. What exactly is meant though by horizontal regulation? Does it already exist in the audiovisual field, particularly in EC law, and, if so, how does it work? What are its limitations? This edition provides some answers to these questions. In five articles, it describes "horizontal" rules in five different subject areas and compares and analyzes them.--Publisher's description.
Media Freedom And Pluralism
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Author : Beata Klimkiewicz
language : en
Publisher: Central European University Press
Release Date : 2010-05-10
Media Freedom And Pluralism written by Beata Klimkiewicz and has been published by Central European University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-05-10 with Social Science categories.
Addresses a critical analysis of major media policies in the European Union and Council of Europe at the period of profound changes affecting both media environments and use, as well as the logic of media policy-making and reconfiguration of traditional regulatory models. The analytical problem-related approach seems to better reflect a media policy process as an interrelated part of European integration, formation of European citizenship, and exercise of communication rights within the European communicative space. The question of normative expectations is to be compared in this case with media policy rationales, mechanisms of implementation (transposing rules from EU to national levels), and outcomes.
The Playing Field In Audiovisual Advertising
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Author : Sally Broughton Micova
language : en
Publisher: Centre on Regulation in Europe asbl (CERRE)
Release Date : 2019-04-03
The Playing Field In Audiovisual Advertising written by Sally Broughton Micova and has been published by Centre on Regulation in Europe asbl (CERRE) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-04-03 with Political Science categories.
This report contributes to policy debates by providing evidence on the dynamics of markets for audiovisual advertising in which both audiovisual media services (AVMSs) and video sharing platforms (VSPs) are operating. It addresses the following questions: - To what extent are audiovisual media services and VSPs competing in the same markets as comparable services? - What conditions are shaping the levelness of the field on which they are competing? The investigation covered Belgium, France, Italy and the UK. Using a detailed literature review, 26 key informant interviews, and a comparative legal analysis, the research found evidence that: - Though TV advertising and online video advertising on VSPs and other services do not serve exactly the same function for advertisers, AVMSs and VSPs are certainly competing for the same budgets and building relationships with the same advertisers in largely the same way, with media agencies playing an important mediating role. - The playing field is not even. The main reasons that the playing field on which AVMSs and VSPs are competing for advertising budgets is not level are related to imbalances in the human and financial resources they can invest in building relationships and in their ownership of and ability to use data. Interchangeability The distribution of advertising budgets resembles concocting a recipe from a number of different ingredients all of which have different features. Agencies do not see it as competition between offline and online, but about finding the right mix of numerous options to reach certain objectives, and they engage in extensive research and complex modelling to do this. Nevertheless, budgets are not expanding currently and there is increased pressure to achieve efficiency and short-term effects, reported against key performance indicators (KPIs). Agencies and advertisers still view TV as crucial for advertising, especially for brand building and awareness, and often TV advertising is the flagship around which the rest of the campaign is designed. TV is trusted because its regulatory framework ensures it is a ‘brand safe’ environment and a good viewing experience, and because the audited measurement systems provide transparency in terms of where advertiser money is going and what it is getting. For agencies and advertisers, online video advertising is attractive for its efficiency in reaching target audiences, often with significant cost saving and in extreme detail, and for the ability to receive rapid feedback on the response to ads placed. They also value online options for small or experimental campaigns. Despite remaining suspicious of much of the data that is produced and concerned about brand safety, they often need to reach the audiences no longer watching TV and they get excited about the optimisation possibilities available. There are differences in the qualitative rules around advertising and agency respondents reported being able to do things online that they cannot do on TV. Some of these rules have been equalised with the 2018 update to the EU’s Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD). Rules on misleading and comparative advertising are largely harmonised at the EU level and apply to all services, so this area of law was mostly the same in all four jurisdictions studied. A ban on political advertising on AVMSs was also common to all four, with no equivalent for VSPs. Efforts to address political advertising online are nascent, mainly focused on ensuring disclosure, and tied to efforts to combat disinformation. There is also a difference in product placement rules. The 2018 AVMSD includes user generated content (UGC) in the definition of product placement and allows it for the most part, but the exceptions, such as children’s and consumer programmes, in which it is prohibited for AVMS providers do not apply to VSPs. RECOMMENDATIONS As they implement the AVMSD, Member states should devise co-regulatory mechanisms that will be effective in enforcing content and advertising standards on VSPs and adhere to the Directive’s intention of levelling the playing field. The Commission’s guidance as to what qualifies as a VSP and criteria for co-regulatory mechanisms should be designed to maximally even out conditions among advertising-dependent services. Though there is no need to regulate UGC producers such as vloggers and influencers, national regulators should provide disclosure guidelines similar to those for content on AVMSs, and the European Regulators Group (ERGA) should investigate whether there is a need for the AVMSD’s product placement exceptions to be extended to VSPs. Industry bodies with support from national regulators should work towards standardisation of measurement within and across channels, including both agreement on a ‘common currency’ measurement for video and innovative ways in which the need to service KPIs can be addressed by all players. Relationships AVMS providers and VSPs take similar approaches to building relationships with agencies and advertisers. Both nurture long-term relationships with agencies, with personal relationships still being crucial. They also engage directly with larger advertisers to understand their aims and make them aware of the options they provide, particularly when rolling out new ones, such as the 6 second un-skippable ads online or addressable TV options. Whereas the most popular VSPs are global companies able to use that status advantageously for tax purposes and draw on extensive financial and human resources, AVMS providers are often prohibited by national-level rules aimed at protecting media pluralism from collaborating or even combining resources within the same group in ways that might allow them work towards addressing these imbalances. Some AVMS providers are engaged in transnational collaborations. Rebates and discounts based on scale and duration are common practice in how prices are set both for online and offline inventory, except when they are determined by auction in the programmatic systems. These and other contract conditions are subject to negotiations that, for AVMS providers in some jurisdictions, are constrained by trading frameworks. RECOMMENDATIONS Member states should revisit media plurality measures, including cross-ownership rules, with a view to enabling AVMS providers to co-operate in some areas, in which greater scale or scope may be crucial to allowing them to compete against global VOD and VSP services, without reducing the pluralism of views and content available to citizens. Member states should adopt transparency requirements similar to the French Sapin law in fair trading policy and EU policy makers should consider harmonising EU-level rules. The European Commission should closely monitor the implementation of national-level taxes on the B2B revenues of platforms, such as Italy’s 3% “web tax,” to assess the effects on the wider ecosystem and other businesses, and consider roll out across the Union. Data Ownership and Use VSPs can leverage the consent that they gather from their vast user base for targeting purposes and for the kind of tracking of an individual’s post-exposure journey needed to provide ROI results and make attribution claims. On the other hand, AVMS providers have only recently been requiring registration for users to access their AVOD and this is still giving them a rather limited type and amount of data on their users. The extent to which addressable TV gives AVMS providers useful data depends on the arrangements with the company providing the set top boxes to households. There is also an imbalance in access to online campaign-related data. The agreements that agencies and advertisers have with demand side platforms give them ownership of such data for their own campaigns. However the AVMS providers, or other publishers on the supply side, do not get such data for the campaigns run on their sites or around their content. A parallel might be if BARB, Auditel or Mediametri data was only available to agencies and advertisers. Our evidence indicates that data is an essential element of competition, and inventory holders such as AVMS providers and VSPs must be able to address the need for advertisers to demonstrate performance. Agencies and advertisers have concerns about dominance in the exploitation of data in this ecosystem that merit investigation. Respondents from various categories noted that GDPR appears to have further concentrated power in the hands of global platforms operating in the programmatic systems. Several mentioned the challenges of trying to compare across “walled gardens” of data maintained by those providing online advertising inventory and the lack of choice about what platforms they can use. RECOMMENDATION Competition authorities and data protection authorities should work together to assess possible concentration in the programmatic advertising system and in the wider market for video advertising.