Rise Of Volcanic Eruption Clouds
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Rise Of Volcanic Eruption Clouds
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Author : Mark Settle
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1976
Rise Of Volcanic Eruption Clouds written by Mark Settle and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1976 with Air categories.
The rise of eruption clouds is produced by the upward momentum and thermal buoyancy of volcanic dust and gas, processes which play important roles in other phenomena. The expansion of a turbulent jet in free flow is controlled by the rate at which the forward momentum of the jet is dissipated. Thermal buoyancy of industrial waste gases provides a mechanism for moving such wastes upward through the atmosphere and ensuring their dispersal over a wide area. The rise of volcanic eruption clouds can be modelled after these 2 analogous phenomena. In this report average ejection velocities at a volcanic vent ranging from 20 m/sec to 200 m/sec are assumed to represent a wide range of eruption intensity, from Strombolian to Vulcanian types. For eruption velocities varying from 20 m/sec to 200 m/sec, cloud heights estimated by the turbulent jet model range from 1500 m to 6500 m (mid-latitude eruption) while cloud heights estimated by the industrial plume models range from 900 m to 10,000 m. These estimates are considered to be roughly comparable in view of the assumptions and extrapolations involved in applying these models to explosive eruption conditions and agree quite well with reported heights of eruption clouds. The fact that comparable estimates of cloud height are produced by 2 very different models suggests that both momentum and thermal buoyancy play an important role throughout the main portion of an eruption cloud's trajectory.
Rise Of Volcanic Eruption Clouds
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Author : Mark Settle
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1976
Rise Of Volcanic Eruption Clouds written by Mark Settle and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1976 with Air categories.
The rise of eruption clouds is produced by the upward momentum and thermal buoyancy of volcanic dust and gas, processes which play important roles in other phenomena. The expansion of a turbulent jet in free flow is controlled by the rate at which the forward momentum of the jet is dissipated. Thermal buoyancy of industrial waste gases provides a mechanism for moving such wastes upward through the atmosphere and ensuring their dispersal over a wide area. The rise of volcanic eruption clouds can be modelled after these 2 analogous phenomena. In this report average ejection velocities at a volcanic vent ranging from 20 m/sec to 200 m/sec are assumed to represent a wide range of eruption intensity, from Strombolian to Vulcanian types. For eruption velocities varying from 20 m/sec to 200 m/sec, cloud heights estimated by the turbulent jet model range from 1500 m to 6500 m (mid-latitude eruption) while cloud heights estimated by the industrial plume models range from 900 m to 10,000 m. These estimates are considered to be roughly comparable in view of the assumptions and extrapolations involved in applying these models to explosive eruption conditions and agree quite well with reported heights of eruption clouds. The fact that comparable estimates of cloud height are produced by 2 very different models suggests that both momentum and thermal buoyancy play an important role throughout the main portion of an eruption cloud's trajectory.
Environmental Research Papers
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1976
Environmental Research Papers written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1976 with Environmental geology categories.
Volcanoes
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Author : Robert I. Tilling
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996
Volcanoes written by Robert I. Tilling and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Nature categories.
More than 80% of the earth's surface is of volcanic origin. As population density continues to increase in volcanic regions, it becomes more important to make the public aware of the the hazards of active or potentially active volcanoes and of the necessity of living in harmony with them and planning for periodic unleashing of their pent-up energy. This report presents a generalized summary of the nature, workings, products, and hazards of the common types of volcanoes around the world, along with a brief introduction to the techniques of volcano monitoring and research. Photos and maps.
Fundamentals Of Physical Volcanology
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Author : Liz Parfitt
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2009-03-12
Fundamentals Of Physical Volcanology written by Liz Parfitt and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-03-12 with Science categories.
Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology is a comprehensive overview ofthe processes that control when and how volcanoes erupt.Understanding these processes involves bringing together ideas froma number of disciplines, including branches of geology, such aspetrology and geochemistry; and aspects of physics, such as fluiddynamics and thermodynamics. This book explains in accessible terms how different areas ofscience have been combined to reach our current level of knowledgeof volcanic systems. It includes an introduction to eruption types,an outline of the development of physical volcanology, acomprehensive overview of subsurface processes, eruptionmechanisms, the nature of volcanic eruptions and their products,and a review of how volcanoes affect the environment. Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology is essential reading forundergraduate students in earth science.
Volcanic Eruptions And Their Repose Unrest Precursors And Timing
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Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2017-07-24
Volcanic Eruptions And Their Repose Unrest Precursors And Timing written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-24 with Science categories.
Volcanic eruptions are common, with more than 50 volcanic eruptions in the United States alone in the past 31 years. These eruptions can have devastating economic and social consequences, even at great distances from the volcano. Fortunately many eruptions are preceded by unrest that can be detected using ground, airborne, and spaceborne instruments. Data from these instruments, combined with basic understanding of how volcanoes work, form the basis for forecasting eruptionsâ€"where, when, how big, how long, and the consequences. Accurate forecasts of the likelihood and magnitude of an eruption in a specified timeframe are rooted in a scientific understanding of the processes that govern the storage, ascent, and eruption of magma. Yet our understanding of volcanic systems is incomplete and biased by the limited number of volcanoes and eruption styles observed with advanced instrumentation. Volcanic Eruptions and Their Repose, Unrest, Precursors, and Timing identifies key science questions, research and observation priorities, and approaches for building a volcano science community capable of tackling them. This report presents goals for making major advances in volcano science.
The Science Of Volcanoes
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Author : Angela Royston
language : en
Publisher: Gareth Stevens Publishing LLLP
Release Date : 2013-01-01
The Science Of Volcanoes written by Angela Royston and has been published by Gareth Stevens Publishing LLLP this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-01-01 with Juvenile Nonfiction categories.
Hot bubbling lava, ash, and explosions—this captivating book takes readers inside a volcano with approachable text and engaging diagrams to explain the true science behind these sleeping giants. Detailed text and vivid photographs cover specifics including how volcanoes are created as well as the gases and natural forces that make them explode. Fact boxes and insets provide essential facts and figures about our world’s volcanic activity, while a section called “Real-Life Science” explains historic volcanic eruptions that have stood out for their size and impact on surrounding areas. Discussing the scientific, geographical, and economic impacts of a volcanic eruption, this book treats the subject matter in a matter-of-fact but reverent way, appreciating this natural phenomenon while always underscoring the danger that it can bring.
Volcanoes Third Edition
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Author : Robert Decker
language : en
Publisher: Macmillan
Release Date : 1998
Volcanoes Third Edition written by Robert Decker and has been published by Macmillan this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Nature categories.
In Volcanoes, Robert Decker and Barbara Decker provide a brief introduction to volcanology, the study of volcanoes, with the drama due such awesome phenomena. Dynamic prose and photographs and drawings enliven their discussion of the science behind the natural disaster.
Volcanic Plumes
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Author : R. S. J. Sparks
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997-09-16
Volcanic Plumes written by R. S. J. Sparks and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997-09-16 with Nature categories.
Volcanic plumes, made up of material that has explosively erupted from a volcano, are of fundamental importance to volcanology because their deposits record the past activity of a volcano. They also pose a wide range of hazards to humans and can have significant environmental effects. This book integrates observation, theory, and experimental studies and contains recent research ideas and results.
Volcanic Plumes
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Author : Pasquale Sellitto
language : en
Publisher: MDPI
Release Date : 2019-03-21
Volcanic Plumes written by Pasquale Sellitto and has been published by MDPI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-03-21 with Science categories.
Volcanoes release plumes of gas and ash to the atmosphere during episodes of passive and explosive behavior. These ejecta have important implications for the chemistry and composition of the troposphere and stratosphere, with the capacity to alter Earth's radiation budget and climate system over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Volcanogenic sulphur dioxide reacts to form sulphate aerosols, which increase global albedo, e.g., by reducing surface temperatures, in addition to perturbing the formation processes and optical properties of clouds. Released halogen species can also deplete stratospheric and tropospheric ozone. Volcanic degassing, furthermore, played a key role in the formation of Earth’s atmosphere, and volcanic plumes can affect air quality, pose hazards to aviation and human health, as well as damage ecosystems. The chemical compositions and emission rates of volcanic plumes are also monitored via a range of direct-sampling and remote-sensing instrumentation, in order to gain insights into subterranean processes, in the respect of the magmatic bodies these volatiles exsolve from. Given the significant role these gases play in driving volcanic activity, e.g., via pressurisation, the study of volcanic plumes is proving to be an increasingly fruitful means of improving our understanding of volcanic systems, potentially in concert with observations from geophysics and contributions from fluid dynamical modelling of conduit dynamics. This Special Issue is aimed at presenting the state of the art of the multidisciplinary science concerning all aspects of volcanic plumes, of relevance to the volcanology, climatology, atmospheric science, and remote sensing communities.