Security Challenges Facing Nato In The 1990s
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Security Challenges Facing Nato In The 1990s
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Author : Paul H. Nitze
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1989
Security Challenges Facing Nato In The 1990s written by Paul H. Nitze and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with National security categories.
Security Challenges Facing Nato In The 1990s
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Author : P. H. NITZE
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1989
Security Challenges Facing Nato In The 1990s written by P. H. NITZE and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with categories.
European Security In The 1990s
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Author : W. Laqueur
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-11-11
European Security In The 1990s written by W. Laqueur and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-11 with Business & Economics categories.
Rarely if ever have the political, economic, and military foundations of the Western Alliance been in such a state of flux. Walter Laqueur and Leon Sloss, therefore, deserve credit not just for the quality of the analysis in this superb book but also for the timeliness of its appearance. As Laqueur says in his chapter "Touring the Western European Defense Hori zon," if the likely development of European defense policies is not particularly reassuring, at least it gives no grounds for despair. The list of problems we face is a daunting one. First there is the spiralling cost of defense expenditures, particularly in the absence of significant NATO or inter-European cooperation. This is particu larly serious in light of the reluctance to increase, or even maintain, current expen ditures in the midst of Mikhail Gorbachev's "peace offensive" and the extraordinary changes in Eastern Europe, both of which have had a dramatic impact on Western public opinion. There is also a problem in the perceived relative economic decline of the United States vis-a-vis Western Europe and Japan, which only exacerbates calls to reduce the number of American troops in Europe. Other dangers to the political cohesion and military credibility of the alliance include demographic trends that threaten current manpower levels, transatlantic acrimony over the burden-sharing issue, and political pressures (particularly in West Germany) toward denucleariza tion and even neutralism.
Nato In The 1990s
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Author : Tomas Erazim
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
Nato In The 1990s written by Tomas Erazim and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with categories.
The political changes that took place in East and Central Europe during the end of the 1980s and at the beginning of the 1990s had a huge impact on the security structures in Europe. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization and its legitimacy was challenged when the former Soviet Empire started to crumble. This thesis addresses NATO's response to this legitimacy challenge. It is argued in the thesis that the response came in a two stage process. The first response was a debate where different reasons were given for NATO's continued existence. The thesis focuses only on the justifications used to maintain the organization. It was found that there were external and internal justifications and that the people partaking in the debate could be labelled either as belonging to the neorealist school or to the neoliberal school in the field of international relations. Neorealists tended to use more external justifications for keeping NATO. The external justifications are based more on threats than possibilities. It was argued that despite the absence of the Warsaw Pact, there were still threats that made NATO necessary. Neoliberal institutionalists used both external and internal justifications, but stressed the opportunities and NATO's positive effects as an international institution. The second response to the legitimacy challenge posed to NATO was a process of change where both new ways of thinking and new ways of structuring the organization emerged. Both schools of thought agree that NATO was adapting to the new reality, but used their own arguments from the first stage when explaining the changes. The conclusions drawn from the thesis are that NATO is needed as a security actor in Europe, and that the changes that NATO has undergone have been the right ones to satisfy both those who fear future conflicts and those who want to work for enhanced security. It is also concluded that in order to understand NATO's two responses, it is essential to study arguments from both schools of thought. The two schools have good arguments and they complement each other which makes an analysis covering both fruitful. NATO survived the legitimacy challenge and has recently decided to accept three new members in 1999. The process of change has not been an easy one for NATO, but the organization has without any doubt kept the position as the most important security actor in Europe. It is very likely that it will continue to keep that position for a long time to come.
Challenges To American National Security In The 1990s
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Author : J.J. Weltman
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 1991-07-31
Challenges To American National Security In The 1990s written by J.J. Weltman and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991-07-31 with Business & Economics categories.
The decade of the 1990s offers a chance to build a new and better international order. What policy choices will this decade pose for the United States? This wide-ranging volume of essays imaginatively addresses these crucial issues. The peaceful revolutions of 1989-1990 in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe have swept away the foundations of the Cold War. The Eastern European nations are free; Europe is no longer divided; Germany is united. The Soviet threat to Western Europe is ending with the collapse of the Warsaw Pact and the withdrawals and asymmetrical cuts of Soviet forces. And U.S.-Soviet rivalry in the Third World is giving way to cooperation in handling conflicts, as in Iraq and elsewhere. Much, of course, remains uncertain and unsettled. What sort of Soviet Union will emerge from the ongoing turmoil, with what political and economic system and what state structure? How far and how soon will the Eastern Euro pean states succeed in developing pluralist democracies and market economies? Are the changes irreversible? Certainly there will be turmoil, backsliding, and failures, but a return to the Cold War hardly seems likely.
Challenges Capability And Will
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Author : U. S. Military
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017-02-23
Challenges Capability And Will written by U. S. Military and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-02-23 with categories.
Since the end of the Cold War NATO has struggled to maintain a raison d'etre for its continued existence and relevance. In the 1990s NATO expanded both its membership and the scope of its operations beyond collective defense. After the terrorist attacks on the US on 11 September 2001, NATO invoked Article Five for the first time. This further expanded NATO operations in location and scope. Now that Russian aggression is threatening the stability of Europe, NATO finds itself in a position to demonstrate its resolve against its former Cold War adversary once again as we move forward into the future. This monograph examines the relevance of NATO in the twenty-first century, particularly from a perspective of US interests within a framework of contemporary history. After the conclusion of World War II the United States formally rejected a tradition of political and military "nonentanglement with Europe," ending a propensity to distance ourselves from European affairs while fully accepting responsibility as a superpower actor upon the world's stage. What began with ratification of the North Atlantic Treaty and evolved into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, is unparalleled among the landmark actions of United States diplomacy. The Alliance differed from previous security arrangements to address a particular cause, with "permissively worded provisions" and "the deliberate omission of a terminal date" to make the treaty open ended and enduring. Some considered America's first permanent alliance outside the Western Hemisphere, and apparent violation of "George Washington's Great Rule," an extension of the Monroe Doctrine "across the Atlantic to buttress Europe's balance of power." Many hail NATO as "the premier international security institution" and the most successful alliance undertaken in history.4 Whether one agrees or not, one cannot easily dismiss the contributions of NATO to European security during the past sixty-plus years. Perhaps speaking for many who welcome NATO's commitment to trans-Atlantic security, two statements by recent Allied leaders stress the enduring appeal of the Alliance. During his keynote address at the 2011 Munich Security Conference, then NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen outlined his vision of Smart Defense within NATO. Aptly entitled "Building Security in an Age of Austerity" the Secretary General challenged the Alliance to recognize Smart Defense, "how NATO can help nations to build greater security with fewer resources but more coordination and coherence," as a means to prudently maintain and improve our collective security in a resource constrained environment. Three years later, at the 2014 Munich Security Conference, then Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel praised NATO as the "centerpiece of transatlantic security," then articulated a "renewed and enhanced" partnership and cooperation with NATO as a fundamental component of the US national security strategy.
Nato S Security Discourse After The Cold War
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Author : Andreas Behnke
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014-06-19
Nato S Security Discourse After The Cold War written by Andreas Behnke and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-06-19 with Security, International categories.
This book analyses the way in which the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) defines the West after the end of the Cold War and the demise of its constitutive 'Other', the Soviet Union. The book offers a theoretical critique of liberal approaches to security, and focuses on NATO's construction of four geo-cultural spaces that are the sites of particular dangers or threats, which cause these spaces to be defined as the 'enemy' of the West. While this forges a collective Western identity, effectively achieved in the 1990s, the book also includes an analysis of NATO's involvement in the War on Terror - an involvement in which the Alliance fails to define a coherent West, thereby undermining the very source of its long-standing political cohesion. Contributing to theoretical development within Critical Security Studies, Behnke draws on a variety of approaches to provide an analytical framework that examines the political as well as philosophical problems associated with NATO's performance of security and identity, concluding that in the modern era of globalized, non-territorialized threats and dangers, NATO's traditional spatial understanding of security is no longer effective given the new dynamics of Western security. NATO's Security Discourse after the Cold War will be of great interest to students and researchers of International Relations, Critical Security Studies and International Organizations.
Open Door
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Author : Daniel S. Hamilton
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Open Door written by Daniel S. Hamilton and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Political Science categories.
NATO's decision to open itself to new members and new missions is one of the most contentious and least understood issues of the post-Cold War world. This book, an unusual and intriguing blend of memoirs and scholarship, takes us back to the decade when those momentous decisions were made. Former senior officials from the United States, Russia, Western and Eastern Europe who were directly involved in the decisions of that time describe their considerations, concerns, and pressures. They are joined by scholars who have been able to draw on newly declassified archival sources to revisit NATO's evolving role in the 1990s.
Nato S New Strategic Concept A Comprehensive Assessment
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Author : Sten Rynning
language : en
Publisher: DIIS - Copenhagen
Release Date : 2011
Nato S New Strategic Concept A Comprehensive Assessment written by Sten Rynning and has been published by DIIS - Copenhagen this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Defence policy categories.
Russia The United States And The Caucasus The Security Concerns Of The Baltic States As Nato Allies Estonia Latvia Dagestan Armenia Chechen Nagorno Karabakh U S Russian Reset
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Author : Department of Defense
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017-04-26
Russia The United States And The Caucasus The Security Concerns Of The Baltic States As Nato Allies Estonia Latvia Dagestan Armenia Chechen Nagorno Karabakh U S Russian Reset written by Department of Defense and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-04-26 with categories.
While the Soviet Union is gone, the people who led the Communist Party and controlled fearsome institutions such as the Soviet Secret Police (KGB) are still very much with us. The ugly history of the Soviet Union and its treatment of conquered nations is still a very recent memory, and the statements and actions of the current Russian leadership do not provide evidence that the old ways of thinking have died.Russia, the United States, and the Caucasus - In the post-Soviet period, the Caucasus region has been a source of chronic instability and conflict: Unresolved "frozen conflicts" in Abkhazia, Southern Ossetia, and Nagorno Karabakh; continuing armed resistance in secessionist Chechnya and associated Islamic radicalism; the "Rose Revolution" in Georgia and Tbilisi's subsequent efforts to realign with the West; competition for access to the oil and natural gas reserves of the Caspian basin--these kinds of factors and more have ensured that the region would become and remain a source of significant international engagement and concern. Professor R. Craig Nation's monograph highlights the kind of conflicting interests that have made Russian-American relations in the region highly competitive. But he also addresses areas of shared priorities and mutual advantage that provide a potential foundation for more benign engagement that can work to contain conflict and head off further regional disintegration. However they are resolved, regional issues emerging from the Caucasus will have a significant impact upon the larger climate of U.S.-Russian relations in the years to come.The Security Concerns of the Baltic States as NATO Allies - The end of the Cold War in the early-1990s signified a huge and very positive transformation in world politics. Nations that had been Warsaw Pact enemies for 5 decades became, almost overnight, allies of the West. Even nations that had been republics of the Soviet Union--the best examples being Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania -- moved immediately to become staunch Western allies. The full post-Cold War transformation was consummated in 2004 when the three formerly Soviet Baltic republics, along with some former Warsaw Pact nations, became new members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The admission of former Warsaw Pact nations such as Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and the Baltic States into NATO has changed the dynamics of the Western alliance in ways that most of the Western leaders, especially those from the "Old Europe" nations, still do not fully grasp. The new NATO members tend to look much more to the United States than to European NATO members for leadership in all security matters. While the Baltic States tend to be enthusiastic European Union (EU) members in matters of economics, in matters concerning security, they tend to look first to the United States. The new NATO nations take security very seriously. Poland has one of the largest and best-trained armed forces in NATO. The former Warsaw Pact countries are ready and willing to have radar stations and anti-missile defenses on their national territory. Taking security seriously, along with a willingness to participate in out-of-area operations, has won the new NATO nations and the Baltic States respect in the NATO and Western councils. The new NATO nations also bring perspectives to the Atlantic alliance that tend to shake the complacency of the older member states. For example, the Baltic States in particular see the current Russian regime and Russian behavior in a much less benign light than the political leadership in the United States or older NATO nations do. The Eastern Europeans do not see evidence of any "reset" in relations with Russia and instead can point to many specific actions of the Russian Federation's government that demonstrate a clear hostility to NATO and Western interests.