Seismogeodetic Methods For Earthquake And Tsunami Warning And Response
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Seismogeodetic Methods For Earthquake And Tsunami Warning And Response
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Author : Dara Elyse Goldberg
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Seismogeodetic Methods For Earthquake And Tsunami Warning And Response written by Dara Elyse Goldberg and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
This dissertation presents a series of algorithms and plans for implementation of a prototype earthquake early warning system by merging two seismic observation tools: strong motion accelerometers and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The seismogeodetic approach, that which optimally merges these disparate data types, allows a reliable estimation of the earthquake source for early warning procedures from event detection to magnitude estimation and higher order products. We address implementation of this system in a real-time, automated environment, designed to operate without manual oversight. We assess the capabilities of low-cost micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometers merged with observatory-grade GNSS for seismic P-wave detection, and suggest statistical methods to determine whether P-wave detections are consistent between stations, which allows for the automated removal of poor quality detections to avoid propagating these errors to higher order warning products. In line with these goals, we demonstrate how seismogeodetic observations contribute to our view of initial rupture dynamics of large earthquakes. We address an open question in seismology regarding the deterministic nature of earthquakes, assessing how early it is possible to fully characterize the source parameters of large, damaging earthquakes. Our seismogeodetic observations suggest that final earthquake magnitude is not discernable from the first few seconds of observation and therefore the earthquake rupture process is not strongly deterministic. We further investigate the complete temporal evolution of seismic moment release to identify the earliest magnitude-dependent features in our observational dataset. We create synthetic rupture models to identify the physical basis responsible for the timing of observed magnitude-dependent qualities. Our findings suggest that earthquake magnitude can be estimated prior to rupture completion, consistent with a weakly deterministic rupture process. These results provide new insights into the best practices for early warning and rapid response, and suggest limitations on the timeliness of earthquake source characterization. Finally, we turn to the built environment to demonstrate the applicability of these multi-instrument sensors to long-term structural health and seismic monitoring, to bolster earthquake and other natural hazard response practices. We describe efforts to characterize local buildings by creating a baseline model for the healthy structure and propose methods by which structural health can be evaluated over time or following a major seismic event to assess building safety without the need for manual inspection. We again assess the capabilities of low-cost MEMS accelerometers and describe the limitations of this lower-quality instrumentation for structural monitoring applications.
A Multi Sensor Approach For Near Shore Tsunami Early Warning And Monitoring Earthquake Effects On Structures
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Author : Jessie Kate Saunders
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
A Multi Sensor Approach For Near Shore Tsunami Early Warning And Monitoring Earthquake Effects On Structures written by Jessie Kate Saunders and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
In this dissertation, we explore how high-rate displacement data from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) sensors can be used in combination with other instrumentation, including strong-motion accelerometers and seafloor geodetic sensors, for applications to near-shore tsunami early warning and structural monitoring of earthquakes. Accurate estimates of fault slip amount and along-strike rupture extent are necessary for determining the coastal extent of high-amplitude tsunami waves. We describe how these values can be estimated using static slip inversions of coseismic data from GNSS sensors used in conjunction with seafloor coseismic data from hypothetical offshore networks. We find that a trench-parallel profile of offshore stations over the deformation front is an optimized offshore network for this approach. We find that the most accurate slip estimates require horizontal seafloor coseismic data which is currently not feasible to obtain in real time. We then explore how using existing real-time technology--high-rate GNSS as well as onshore and offshore three-component strong-motion accelerometers--could be used in a rapid hypothesis test of modified kinematic slip inversions to confirm the depth of slip location of a megathrust earthquake given that shallow earthquakes produce the most dangerous tsunamis. If the GNSS sensors and accelerometers are collocated, their data can be combined in a Kalman filter to produce seismogeodetic waveforms: broadband displacements that contain the high-frequency information from the accelerometers and low-frequency and static offset information from the GNSS sensors. As the GNSS and seismic monitoring networks were developed independently, many of these stations are not collocated. We compare with a shake table experiment how Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) accelerometers perform relative to observatory-grade accelerometers at frequencies of interest, and evaluate their applicability to upgrading existing GNSS sensors into seismogeodetic stations for earthquake early warning and rapid response purposes. This experiment demonstrated the utility of the combined seismogeodetic data for structural monitoring, and we provide an example applying seismogeodetic instrumentation to record in-situ building motion for an aging reinforced concrete structure in Oklahoma, an oil producing region that is currently experiencing high rates of induced seismicity.
Earthquakes Simulations Sources And Tsunamis
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Author : Kristy F. Tiampo
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2008-11-04
Earthquakes Simulations Sources And Tsunamis written by Kristy F. Tiampo and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-11-04 with Science categories.
This volume attempts to present the current state of seismic research by focusing not only on the modeling of earthquakes and earthquake generated tsunamis, but also on practical comparisons of the resulting phenomenology. In the 1990s, major advancements in seismic research greatly added to the understanding of earthquake fault systems as complex dynamical systems. Large quantities of new and extensive remote sensing data sets provided information on the solid earth.
Real Time Earthquake Tracking And Localisation
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Author : George R. Daglish
language : en
Publisher: AuthorHouse
Release Date : 2018-12-23
Real Time Earthquake Tracking And Localisation written by George R. Daglish and has been published by AuthorHouse this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-12-23 with Science categories.
After the great tsunami of 2004 and the earthquake in Sichuan, China, in 2008, two big thinkers knew they must try to prevent the damage inflicted by surprise earthquakes. George R. Daglish and Iurii P. Sizov teamed up to create an experimental seismic software system that contains application areas for inclusion in an earthquake early warning software structure. In this book, they highlight the work they’ve done thus far. The algorithms can be grouped into several main types: planar earth calculations to determine epicenters; calculations over a spherical earth model to determine epicenters; rapid tabular scans to determine epicenters and hypocenters concurrently, using either spherical or spheroidal earth geometry directly; and hypocenter scans using spheroidal earth geometry. The authors also describe the testing of all members of the grouping, using real earthquake data. They assess the timing and accuracy of each against received and current results taken from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology archive. If the world doesn’t take concerted action to predict and track earthquakes, the consequences will be unthinkable, which is why we must work toward real-time earthquake tracking and localization.
Using Gps To Rapidly Detect And Model Earthquakes And Transient Deformation Events
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Author : Brendan William Crowell
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Using Gps To Rapidly Detect And Model Earthquakes And Transient Deformation Events written by Brendan William Crowell and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
The rapid modeling and detection of earthquakes and transient deformation is a problem of extreme societal importance for earthquake early warning and rapid hazard response. To date, GPS data is not used in earthquake early warning or rapid source modeling even in Japan or California where the most extensive geophysical networks exist. This dissertation focuses on creating algorithms for automated modeling of earthquakes and transient slip events using GPS data in the western United States and Japan. First, I focus on the creation and use of high-rate GPS and combined seismogeodetic data for applications in earthquake early warning and rapid slip inversions. Leveraging data from earthquakes in Japan and southern California, I demonstrate that an accurate magnitude estimate can be made within seconds using P wave displacement scaling, and that a heterogeneous static slip model can be generated within 2-3 minutes. The preliminary source characterization is sufficiently robust to independently confirm the extent of fault slip used for rapid assessment of strong ground motions and improved tsunami warning in subduction zone environments. Secondly, I investigate the automated detection of transient slow slip events in Cascadia using daily positional estimates from GPS. Proper geodetic characterization of transient deformation is necessary for studies of regional interseismic, coseismic and postseismic tectonics, and miscalculations can affect our understanding of the regional stress field. I utilize the relative strength index (RSI) from financial forecasting to create a complete record of slow slip from continuous GPS stations in the Cascadia subduction zone between 1996 and 2012. I create a complete history of slow slip across the Cascadia subduction zone, fully characterizing the timing, progression, and magnitude of events. Finally, using a combination of continuous and campaign GPS measurements, I characterize the amount of extension, shear and subsidence in the Salton Trough, one of the most complex zone of active faulting and seismicity in California. I show the implications that faulting in the Salton Trough has for the evolution of the Brawley Seismic Zone, and more importantly, the southern San Andreas fault.
Magnitude Estimation For Earthquake And Tsunami Early Warning Systems
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Author : Attieh Eshaghi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Magnitude Estimation For Earthquake And Tsunami Early Warning Systems written by Attieh Eshaghi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
In this study, different magnitude estimation methods were investigated for application to earthquake early warning (EEW) and tsunami early warning systems. This integrated study is divided into two main parts. First, I used strong motion accelerograms recorded by borehole and surface stations from the Kiban Kyoshin network (KiK-net) for Japanese earthquakes with moment magnitude (M) e"5.0 in order to develop ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs). I developed new GMPEs for peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak ground velocity (PGV) using two different catalogs. The first catalog included earthquakes with 5.0 d"M d"8.1 from 1998-2010. In order to improve the determination of attenuation parameters and magnitude scaling, the second catalog included earthquakes with 5.0 d"M d"9.0 from 1998-2011, which increased the time period by only one year but added approximately twice as much data to the first catalog. The GMPEs were used to estimate the magnitude from PGA values (Mpga) and from PGV values (Mpgv) for those events in the borehole and surface databases with at least 20 available records. The results confirmed that Mpga and Mpgv strongly correlate with the moment magnitude of the event. In addition, I studied the site effect terms in the GMPEs using the shear wave velocity in the uppermost 30 meters (VS30). It was found that correcting for VS30 improved the accuracy of magnitude estimates from surface recordings, particularly for Mpgv. Incorporation of this parameter into the GMPEs can provide a more accurate estimate of the earthquake magnitude in EEW systems. The GMPEs also were used to estimate the magnitude of the M9.0 Tohoku event and those estimates were compared with the magnitude estimates provided by the existing EEW system in Japan. I demonstrate that, unlike the estimates provided by the existing EEW system in Japan, the magnitude estimates from GMPEs do not saturate. The results demonstrate that Mpgv from borehole recordings had the smallest standard deviation among the estimated magnitudes and produced more stable and robust magnitude estimates. Based on this observation, I propose the incorporation of borehole recordings into EEW systems. This method can improve the existing EEW system in Japan or other regions that have a dense seismic network. In the second part of this thesis, the displacement spectra of the strong ground motion recordings were used to directly estimate the magnitude of Japanese earthquakes with 4.5 d"M d"9.0, 2000 to 2011, using the first available data provided by the KiK-net and Kyoshin network stations. The source parameters were determined using the inversion of displacement spectra for available P- and S-waves windows assuming the Brune source model. I tested the application of a fixed low-cut filter, and found that it decreases the accuracy of magnitude estimation for large events (M> 7.0). As a result, instead of a fixed low-cut filter I applied a frequency bandwidth cutoff based on a signal-to-noise ratio criterion. The results showed that magnitude estimation using the strong motion recordings from the closest station to the source of the event provides a good early estimate for the final size of the event, which can reduce the time required to calculate final magnitude and hence provides a longer warning time (from a few seconds to a few minutes). The results also indicated that the predicted magnitude based on the P-wave window (MP) provides a longer warning time, but with a larger uncertainty, in comparison to the estimation based on the S-wave window (MS). The magnitude estimate based on inversion of the displacement spectra is independent of magnitude scaling relationships, as is the case with magnitude vs. early P-wave parameter relationships or GMPEs, because it determines the moment magnitude from the estimated source parameters directly from the displacement spectra. Therefore, this method can be used in regions with sparse seismic networks where historic recordings of strong ground motion from potentially damaging earthquakes are not available to develop an empirical relationship, such as the Cascadia region of North America.
Seismogeodetic Studies Of The Crustal Deformation Cycle For Hazards Mitigation
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Author : Dorian Golriz
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Seismogeodetic Studies Of The Crustal Deformation Cycle For Hazards Mitigation written by Dorian Golriz and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
This dissertation presents several studies focusing on the three phases of the crustal deformation cycle. Using an optimal combination of seismic and space geodetic techniques, we investigate the coseismic phase of an earthquake that includes both shaking and permanent displacements, the postseismic phase where additional slip may occur around the affected region, and the interseismic phase over which stress builds-up at the interface between tectonic plates. Studying the crustal deformation cycle has important implications for understanding tectonic fault zone processes such as slip partitioning and strain accumulation, and to improve real-time systems for tsunami and earthquake early warnings. We first apply a physics-based approach to identify the transition from coseismic to postseismic deformation, and show how early postseismic is significant just minutes to hours after an earthquake. Our results show that the widely used estimates of daily coseismic offsets can lead to an overprediction of earthquake coseismic displacements. We compare the commonly used daily offsets and our rapid coseismic window methodology over several earthquakes and demonstrate that without consideration of the early postseismic stages, both coseismic and postseismic fault slip models can be biased by several meters. We then use the coseismic time window analysis and rely on earthquake source theory to develop a rapid earthquake magnitude determination method. To test our approach, we simulate a real-time environment by replaying historical earthquakes around the Pacific basin. Our results show that we can reliably estimate earthquake magnitude over the 7.2
Position Navigation And Timing Technologies In The 21st Century Volumes 1 And 2
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Author : Y. Jade Morton
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2020-12-17
Position Navigation And Timing Technologies In The 21st Century Volumes 1 And 2 written by Y. Jade Morton and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-17 with Science categories.
Covers the latest developments in PNT technologies, including integrated satellite navigation, sensor systems, and civil applications Featuring sixty-four chapters that are divided into six parts, this two-volume work provides comprehensive coverage of the state-of-the-art in satellite-based position, navigation, and timing (PNT) technologies and civilian applications. It also examines alternative navigation technologies based on other signals-of-opportunity and sensors and offers a comprehensive treatment on integrated PNT systems for consumer and commercial applications. Volume 1 of Position, Navigation, and Timing Technologies in the 21st Century: Integrated Satellite Navigation, Sensor Systems, and Civil Applications contains three parts and focuses on the satellite navigation systems, technologies, and engineering and scientific applications. It starts with a historical perspective of GPS development and other related PNT development. Current global and regional navigation satellite systems (GNSS and RNSS), their inter-operability, signal quality monitoring, satellite orbit and time synchronization, and ground- and satellite-based augmentation systems are examined. Recent progresses in satellite navigation receiver technologies and challenges for operations in multipath-rich urban environment, in handling spoofing and interference, and in ensuring PNT integrity are addressed. A section on satellite navigation for engineering and scientific applications finishes off the volume. Volume 2 of Position, Navigation, and Timing Technologies in the 21st Century: Integrated Satellite Navigation, Sensor Systems, and Civil Applications consists of three parts and addresses PNT using alternative signals and sensors and integrated PNT technologies for consumer and commercial applications. It looks at PNT using various radio signals-of-opportunity, atomic clock, optical, laser, magnetic field, celestial, MEMS and inertial sensors, as well as the concept of navigation from Low-Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites. GNSS-INS integration, neuroscience of navigation, and animal navigation are also covered. The volume finishes off with a collection of work on contemporary PNT applications such as survey and mobile mapping, precision agriculture, wearable systems, automated driving, train control, commercial unmanned aircraft systems, aviation, and navigation in the unique Arctic environment. In addition, this text: Serves as a complete reference and handbook for professionals and students interested in the broad range of PNT subjects Includes chapters that focus on the latest developments in GNSS and other navigation sensors, techniques, and applications Illustrates interconnecting relationships between various types of technologies in order to assure more protected, tough, and accurate PNT Position, Navigation, and Timing Technologies in the 21st Century: Integrated Satellite Navigation, Sensor Systems, and Civil Applications will appeal to all industry professionals, researchers, and academics involved with the science, engineering, and applications of position, navigation, and timing technologies. pnt21book.com
Earthquake Predictions Evaluation Warning And Response System
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Author : California. Office of Emergency Services
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1985
Earthquake Predictions Evaluation Warning And Response System written by California. Office of Emergency Services and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with categories.
Seismogeodesy And Rapid Earthquake And Tsunami Source Assessment
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Author : Diego Melgar Moctezuma
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Seismogeodesy And Rapid Earthquake And Tsunami Source Assessment written by Diego Melgar Moctezuma and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
This dissertation presents an optimal combination algorithm for strong motion seismograms and regional high rate GPS recordings. This seismogeodetic solution produces estimates of ground motion that recover the whole seismic spectrum, from the permanent deformation to the Nyquist frequency of the accelerometer. This algorithm will be demonstrated and evaluated through outdoor shake table tests and recordings of large earthquakes, notably the 2010 Mw 7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake and the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-oki events. This dissertations will also show that strong motion velocity and displacement data obtained from the seismogeodetic solution can be instrumental to quickly determine basic parameters of the earthquake source. We will show how GPS and seismogeodetic data can produce rapid estimates of centroid moment tensors, static slip inversions, and most importantly, kinematic slip inversions. Throughout the dissertation special emphasis will be placed on how to compute these source models with minimal interaction from a network operator. Finally we will show that the incorporation of off-shore data such as ocean-bottom pressure and RTK-GPS buoys can better-constrain the shallow slip of large subduction events. We will demonstrate through numerical simulations of tsunami propagation that the earthquake sources derived from the seismogeodetic and ocean-based sensors is detailed enough to provide a timely and accurate assessment of expected tsunami intensity immediately following a large earthquake.