Shielding Humanity
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Shielding Humanity
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Author : Charles Chernor Jalloh
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2015-06-24
Shielding Humanity written by Charles Chernor Jalloh and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-06-24 with Law categories.
On the contemporary international law scene, there are not many jurists who match the eminence and stature of Abdul G. Koroma. A distinguished lawyer, diplomat and member of the International Law Commission for many years, he has been a key figure in the elaboration, codification and negotiation of important multilateral treaties in diverse areas of international law. He subsequently served, for 18 years, on the bench of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) where he participated in deciding many of the Court’s leading cases during the busiest periods of its history. These outstanding essays, written by renowned judges, scholars and practitioners of international law in honour of Judge Koroma, discuss both classical and contemporary topics of significant relevance to the current and future of international law. The volume will appeal to anyone interested in the ICJ, peaceful settlement of inter-state disputes, law of the sea, international criminal law, international humanitarian law, regional integration and Africa’s contributions to international law. Contributors are: Avitus A Agbor, Babefemi Akinrinade, Adejoké Babington-Ashaye, Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, Tamara Cummings-John, John Dugard, Olufemi Elias, Sir Christopher Greenwood, Chikeziri Igwe, Osman Keh Kamara, Charles Manga Fombad, Madeline Choe-Amusimo Fombad, Charles Chernor Jalloh, Kenneth Keith, Tommy Koh, Tiyanjana Maluwa, Konstantinos D. Magliveras, Brian McGarry, Andrew Morgan, Gino J. Naldi, Lydia A. Nkansah, Vincent O. Nmehielle, Karin Oellers-Frahm, Olajumoke O. Oduwole, Obiora Chinedu Okafor, Phoebe Okowa, Adetola Onayemi, Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao, Bernardo Sepúlveda-Amor, Surya P. Subedi, Mia Swart, Abdul Tejan-Cole, Manuel J. Ventura, Sienho Yee, and Abdulqawi A. Yusuf.
Shielding Strategies For Human Space Exploration
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Author : John William Wilson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
Shielding Strategies For Human Space Exploration written by John William Wilson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Extraterrestrial radiation categories.
The purpose of the workshop was to define requirements for the development and evaluation of high performance shield materials and designs and to develop ideas regarding approaches to radiation shielding.
Human Shields
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Author : Dr. Neve Gordon
language : en
Publisher: Univ of California Press
Release Date : 2020-08-25
Human Shields written by Dr. Neve Gordon and has been published by Univ of California Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-08-25 with Political Science categories.
A chilling global history of the human shield phenomenon. From Syrian civilians locked in iron cages to veterans joining peaceful indigenous water protectors at the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation, from Sri Lanka to Iraq and from Yemen to the United States, human beings have been used as shields for protection, coercion, or deterrence. Over the past decade, human shields have also appeared with increasing frequency in antinuclear struggles, civil and environmental protests, and even computer games. The phenomenon, however, is by no means a new one. Describing the use of human shields in key historical and contemporary moments across the globe, Neve Gordon and Nicola Perugini demonstrate how the increasing weaponization of human beings has made the position of civilians trapped in theaters of violence more precarious and their lives more expendable. They show how the law facilitates the use of lethal violence against vulnerable people while portraying it as humane, but they also reveal how people can and do use their own vulnerability to resist violence and denounce forms of dehumanization. Ultimately, Human Shields unsettles our common ethical assumptions about violence and the law and urges us to imagine entirely new forms of humane politics.
Shielding Strategies For Human Space Exploration Workshop
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Author : J. Miller
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
Shielding Strategies For Human Space Exploration Workshop written by J. Miller and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with categories.
Human Shields
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Author : Neve Gordon
language : en
Publisher: University of California Press
Release Date : 2020-08-25
Human Shields written by Neve Gordon and has been published by University of California Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-08-25 with History categories.
From Syrian civilians locked in iron cages to veterans joining peaceful indigenous water protectors at the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation, from Sri Lanka to Iraq and from Yemen to the United States, human beings have been used as shields for protection, coercion, or deterrence. Over the past decade, human shields have also appeared with increasing frequency in antinuclear struggles, civil and environmental protests, and even computer games. The phenomenon, however, is by no means a new one. Describing the use of human shields in key historical and contemporary moments across the globe, Neve Gordon and Nicola Perugini demonstrate how the increasing weaponization of human beings has made the position of civilians trapped in theaters of violence more precarious and their lives more expendable. They show how the law facilitates the use of lethal violence against vulnerable people while portraying it as humane, but they also reveal how people can and do use their own vulnerability to resist violence and denounce forms of dehumanization. Ultimately, Human Shields unsettles our common ethical assumptions about violence and the law and urges us to imagine entirely new forms of humane politics.
Passive Radiation Shielding For Long Duration Human And Satellite Space Missions
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Author : Joseph M. Barthel
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Passive Radiation Shielding For Long Duration Human And Satellite Space Missions written by Joseph M. Barthel and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
The radiation environment of space outside of Earth’s magnetic influence is one of the largest hurdles in the path to successful long-duration human space missions. High speed nuclei stripped of electrons permeate deep space and can cause irreparable damage to deoxyribonucleic acid and sensitive electronics. Permissible exposure levels set by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration attempt to limit individual occupational radiation exposures for astronauts but would be exceeded in only around half of the time a Mars mission could take. Passive radiation shielding can be effective at stopping lower energy charged particles and can help protect against high energy charged particles, but to do so completely is extremely costly as it would require an enormous amount of mass surrounding a spacecraft. Complicating matters further, passive radiation shielding can cause radiation bi-products from interactions with the initial incoming radiation, sometimes making things worse than having no radiation shielding at all. This work sought to advance current understanding in space radiation shielding interactions and to engineer a lowest-cost radiation shield for a space mission through employing the following global hypothesis: An optimized passive radiation shield for any specific spacecraft and mission can be created through the application of engineering design optimization techniques for use in space missions. The first aim characterizes the most critical radiation shielding parameters. Using a radiation transport code, we determined which materials we will likely use in further radiation shielding studies and characterize their interactions with incoming space radiation. This includes a sensitivity study on radiation shielding material selection, the quantification and characterization of radiation production and absorption in common spacecraft structural materials and radiation shielding materials, and analysis of dose and effective dose for each material model. The second aim tested several reduced order models of radiation shielding in spacecraft walls using both 1-D and 3-D geometries. A comparison of these simulations led to a key discovery regarding radiation shielding for spacecraft – in some orientations of shielding, additional shielding can increase the overall effective dose reaching the spacecraft interior. Importantly, we found that in some situations that could feasibly occur on the International Space Station, usage of a “Personal Radiation Protective System” could increase the effective dose incident on astronauts. We also found that the order with which materials are layered in radiation shielding can have a significant impact on the effective dose. The third aim demonstrated the optimization of entire spacecraft shielding models in 3-D. Optimization is conducted on a 500-day Mars flyby mission with 4 crewmembers utilizing the crew’s daily habits and necessary water cargo to reduce the amount of “parasitic” or non-mission-essential mass. This study represents the first 3-D shielding optimization study on spacecraft of its kind and determines that even with the most conservative estimates on permissible exposure levels for human safety, optimization can significantly reduce the required amount of parasitic mass. We also examined several case studies for CubeSat miniaturized satellites, optimizing the shielding placement to protect the most-sensitive electronics in an effort to extend CubeSat lifespans. In summary, the work in this dissertation has made great strides in understanding the effects of and reducing the cost of passive radiation shielding for spacecraft. We have characterized the interactions of radiation on passive shielding, creating the most in-depth catalog to date. We have demonstrated a deficiency in radiation transport using 1-D geometries that may have wide-ranging consequences for future material selection in the field. We have also shown that engineering design optimization techniques can significantly reduce the cost to protect humans from radiation in space or reduce it can be used to significantly reduce the radiation reaching inside a spacecraft or satellite compared to isotropically placed shielding. With further advances in the understanding of radiation damage to humans or specific mission designs for human or satellite missions, our optimization methods can be improved making them more accurate and cost-saving.
Revolutionary Concepts Of Radiation Shielding For Human Exploration Of Space
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Author : National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2018-06-15
Revolutionary Concepts Of Radiation Shielding For Human Exploration Of Space written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-06-15 with categories.
This Technical Memorandum covers revolutionary ideas for space radiation shielding that would mitigate mission costs while limiting human exposure, as studied in a workshop held at Marshall Space Flight Center at the request of NASA Headquarters. None of the revolutionary new ideas examined for the .rst time in this workshop showed clear promise. The workshop attendees felt that some previously examined concepts were de.nitely useful and should be pursued. The workshop attendees also concluded that several of the new concepts warranted further investigation to clarify their value. Adams, J. H., Jr. and Hathaway, D. H. and Grugel, R. N. and Watts, J. W. and Parnell, T. A. and Gregory, J. C. and Winglee, R. M. Marshall Space Flight Center
Particle Shielding For Human Spaceflight
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Author : Benjamin Alan Klamm
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Particle Shielding For Human Spaceflight written by Benjamin Alan Klamm and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
A basic hybrid radiation shield concept, consisting of both a monopole positive electrostatic potential barrier and a current-carrying superconducting solenoid, was predicted to provide a more effective method of shielding a habitable torus region than a solenoid acting alone. A randomized position and velocity vector simulation of equal-energy iron ions using a Lagrangian reference frame was performed on the exact magnetic field integral for the solenoid and a discrete summation electrostatic field for a toroidal monopole array approximating a potential surface. Each particle is injected at a specific energy (100, 150 MeV and 1 GeV). Two cases were evaluated at each particle energy modeling 2x104 particles. The first case studied effects from only the magnetic dipole field (1.1x1013 A m2); the second case evaluated phenomena from a combined magnetic dipole field and electrostatic potential (20 MV). The toroidal electrostatic potential's influence on the size and shape of the Störmer magnetic dipole exclusion region was examined as the main evaluating criterion against the pure magnetic field results. It was shown that the electrostatic potential influences the size of the Störmer dipole exclusion region, and the ratio of particle energy to electrostatic potential is significant in determining the amount increased. It was found that a low particle energy to electrostatic potential ratio of 5:1 increases Störmer area approximately by a factor of 2.
Completing Humanity
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Author : Umut Özsu
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2023-11-30
Completing Humanity written by Umut Özsu and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-11-30 with Law categories.
After the Second World War, the dissolution of European empires and emergence of 'new states' in Asia, Africa, Oceania, and elsewhere necessitated large-scale structural changes in international legal order. In Completing Humanity, Umut Özsu recounts the history of the struggle to transform international law during the twentieth century's last major wave of decolonization. Commencing in 1960, with the General Assembly's landmark decolonization resolution, and concluding in 1982, with the close of the third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea and the onset of the Latin American debt crisis, the book examines the work of elite international lawyers from newly independent states alongside that of international law specialists from 'First World' and socialist states. A study in modifications to legal theory and doctrine over time, it documents and reassesses post-1945 decolonization from the standpoint of the 'Third World' and the jurists who elaborated and defended its interests.
The Oxford Handbook Of Ethics Of War
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Author : Seth Lazar
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2018-01-12
The Oxford Handbook Of Ethics Of War written by Seth Lazar and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-01-12 with Philosophy categories.
Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest, among both philosophers, legal scholars, and military experts, on the ethics of war. Due in part due to post 9/11 events, this resurgence is also due to a growing theoretical sophistication among scholars in this area. Recently there has been very influential work published on the justificaton of killing in self-defense and war, and the topic of the ethics of war is now more important than ever as a discrete field. The 28 commissioned chapters in this Handbook will present a comprehensive overview of the field as well as make significant and novel contributions, and collectively they will set the terms of the debate for the next decade. Lazar and Frowe will invite the leading scholars in the field to write on topics that are new to them, making the volume a compilation of fresh ideas rather than a rehash of earlier work. The volume will be dicided into five sections: Method, History, Resort, Conduct, and Aftermath. The contributors will be a mix of junior and senior figures, and will include well known scholars like Michael Walzer, Jeff McMahan, and David Rodin.