Short Term Tests For Chemical Carcinogens

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Short Term Tests For Chemical Carcinogens

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Author : H.F. Stich
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06

Short Term Tests For Chemical Carcinogens written by H.F. Stich and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Medical categories.

The recent surge of interest in designing, validating, and implementing short-term tests for carcinogens has been spurred by the fairly convincing correlation be tween the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of chemicals and physical agents and by the assumption that DNA alteration, mutations, and chromosome aberrations are somehow involved in neoplastic transformation. Moreover, it has been tacitly assumed that the mutagenic capacity alone of compounds would induce regulatory agencies to pass rules for their removal from the environment and would lead the public to avoid them. The actual response, however, is quite different. Governmental departments shy away from making any decisions on the basis of in vitro test systems. The public at large is becoming irritated by daily an nouncements that many of their cherished habits could adversely affect their health. Industry appears to feel threatened and may reduce its search for new beneficial chemicals. The reluctance to accept wholeheartedly the mutagenicity tests for the detection of carcinogens is partly due to uncertainty about the in volvement of mutations in neoplastic transformation, partly due to the present difficulty of extrapolating results from various endpoints obtained on numerous organisms to man, and partly due to a multitude of complex events that lead in vivo to the evolvement of benign or malignant tumors.

Short Term Test Systems For Detecting Carcinogens

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Author : K.H. Norpoth
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06

Short Term Test Systems For Detecting Carcinogens written by K.H. Norpoth and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Medical categories.

The varying cancer incidence from country to country and region to region suggests that en vironmental factors play a considerable role in the aetiology of cancer. Whether these factors in the environment moderate the effect of car cinogenic chemicals or whether they might them selves be carcinogenic is not known at the present time. What is known is that there are various chemicals, both naturally occurring and man-made, which can induce cancer in man. In the Western world estimates vary as to how much cancer is occupational in origin; the figures range from 1% to 40%. It is our feeling that probably about 10% of cancer has a direct oc cupational origin. Nevertheless this number is considerable and it behoves us therefore to identify those chemicals which are carcinogenic and to reduce human exposure. Recent work on the mode of action of carcinogenic chemicals suggests that the majority exert their effect through an activation step to give elec trophilic metabolites. Such metabolites have as a common feature the ability to react with cel lular nucleophiles to give covalently bound products. Such reaction will occur after carcino gen treatment of animals with nucleic acids par ticularly in target organs. It is reaction with nucleic acids that provides the basis of a num ber of short-term tests for carcinogens, since the basic composition of DNA is similar in micro-organisms and in human cells.

Short Term Tests For Chemical Carcinogens

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Author : British Columbia Cancer Research Centre. Environmental Carcinogenesis Unit
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date :

Short Term Tests For Chemical Carcinogens written by British Columbia Cancer Research Centre. Environmental Carcinogenesis Unit and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.

Interpretation And Extrapolation Of Chemical And Biological Carcinogenicity Data To Establish Human Safety Standards

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Author : H.C. Grice
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06

Interpretation And Extrapolation Of Chemical And Biological Carcinogenicity Data To Establish Human Safety Standards written by H.C. Grice and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Medical categories.

The International Life Sciences Institute (lLSI) is a scientific foundation wh ich addresses critical health and safety issues of national and international concern. ILSI promotes international cooperation by pro viding the mechanism for scientists from government, industry and universities to work together on cooperative programs to generate and disseminate scientific data. The members and trustees of the Institute believe that questions regarding health and safety are best resolved when scientists can ex amine and discuss issues, as an independent body, se~arate from the political pressures of individual countries and the economic concerns of individual companies. Frequently, meaningful assessment of the risk of a test substance is hindered by the inherent inconsistencies in the system. The development and refinement of methods and systems to evaluate the safety of chemicals have evolved in a rapid and largely unplanned fashion. Attempts to improve the system have largely been directed toward broad general concerns, with little attention being given to specific problems or issues. A failure to resolve these problems has frequently resulted in increased testing costs and complications in the assessment and extrapolation of the results. Publicity surrounding toxicologic issues has created chronic public apprehension about the ability of science and government to deal effectively with these problems. In response to these difficulties, ILSI has assembled highly qualified and renowned scientists from research institutes, universities, government and industry, with relevant scientific knowledge and expertise regarding the issues that complicate risk assessment procedures.

The Predictive Value Of Short Term Screening Tests In Carcinogenicity Evaluation

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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier-North-Holland Biomedical Press
Release Date : 1980

The Predictive Value Of Short Term Screening Tests In Carcinogenicity Evaluation written by and has been published by Elsevier-North-Holland Biomedical Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1980 with Medical categories.

The Efficacy Of Short Term Tests For Certain Classes Of Chemical Carcinogens

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Author : Vincent R. Nathan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1983

The Efficacy Of Short Term Tests For Certain Classes Of Chemical Carcinogens written by Vincent R. Nathan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1983 with categories.

Use Of Short Term Test Systems For The Prediction Of The Hazard Represented By Potential Chemical Carcinogens

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1990

Use Of Short Term Test Systems For The Prediction Of The Hazard Represented By Potential Chemical Carcinogens written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990 with categories.

It has been hypothesized that results from short-term bioassays will ultimately provide information that will be useful for human health hazard assessment. Historically, the validity of the short-term tests has been assessed using the framework of the epidemiologic/medical screens. In this context, the results of the carcinogen (long-term) bioassay is generally used as the standard. However, this approach is widely recognized as being biased and, because it employs qualitative data, cannot be used to assist in isolating those compounds which may represent a more significant toxicologic hazard than others. In contrast, the goal of this research is to address the problem of evaluating the utility of the short-term tests for hazard assessment using an alternative method of investigation. Chemicals were selected mostly from the list of carcinogens published by the International Agency for Research on Carcinogens (IARC); a few other chemicals commonly recognized as hazardous were included. Tumorigenicity and mutagenicity data on 52 chemicals were obtained from the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) and were analyzed using a relative potency approach. The data were evaluated in a format which allowed for a comparison of the ranking of the mutagenic relative potencies of the compounds (as estimated using short-term data) vs. the ranking of the tumorigenic relative potencies (as estimated from the chronic bioassays). Although this was a preliminary investigation, it offers evidence that the short-term tests systems may be of utility in ranking the hazards represented by chemicals which may contribute to increased carcinogenesis in humans as a result of occupational or environmental exposures. 177 refs., 8 tabs.

Strategies For Short Term Testing For Mutagens Carcinogens

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Author : Byron E. Butterworth
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1979

Strategies For Short Term Testing For Mutagens Carcinogens written by Byron E. Butterworth and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1979 with Medical categories.

Evaluation Of Short Term Tests For Carcinogens

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1900

Evaluation Of Short Term Tests For Carcinogens written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1900 with Carcinogenicity testing categories.

Short Term Tests For Carcinogens Mutagens And Other Genotoxic Agents

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Author : Anne Trontell
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1979

Short Term Tests For Carcinogens Mutagens And Other Genotoxic Agents written by Anne Trontell and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1979 with Carcinogenicity testing categories.